问题 问答题

试述德尔菲意见法的实施步骤。

答案

参考答案:(1)确定预测目标。
就像我们对任何一种预测要求的一样,德尔菲意见法首先要求明确预测目标,确定预测的主题。但决定运用德尔菲意见法的,应该是与重大决策有关的预测课题,如对我国政府而言,可能是我国对外经济贸易发展的五年计划、利用外资、引进技术等,而对企业而言,可能是企业的研究与发展方向、投资方向、市场战略以及企业对主要市场的预测等。
(2)选定专家小组。
专家人选要根据预测目标的内容与范围选择确定。专家是指那些对所需研究问题确有专长的人.最好是不仅具有一定的专业知识,而且在相关领域也有较广泛的一般知识。选择专家被认为是德尔菲预测法成败的关键。因此,选择专家时要注意专家的分布构成以保证专家的代表性。专家人数可根据课题大小和涉及范围宽窄而有所不同。一般情况下,如果是政府部门为制定决策组织预测,可在30人~50人之间;如果是企业预测,一般10人~15人即可。过多会使组织工作庞杂,预测费用增大;过少可能会使代表性不够,令分析工作受到限制。例如:在我国,有的企业用德尔菲方法预测纺织品市场时,就分别从本企业、本行业、大专院校和有关研究所挑选经营管理人员、工程师、教师和学者进行预测。比较大型的项目使用德尔菲方法预测时还可以从全国各地挑选专家,以充分考虑预测意见的广泛性、代表性。
(3)设计调查表和调查提纲。
调查表的设计直接关系到预测结果。在设计时,应紧紧围绕着目标和研究课题,从不同的侧面,以表格的形式提出若干个有针对性的问题向专家咨询。表格应尽量简化,切忌复杂、混乱;提问题不要过多,一般以15~25个为宜;问题要明确、清楚,不附带条件。
(4)第一轮征询。
德尔菲意见法一般要进行3~4轮征询。第一轮征询,是其他几轮征询的重要基础,除了要设计调查表(第一轮调查表对后几次的调查表影响极大),还要提供一些有关资料或背景情况,并请专家提出还需要哪些资料。同时,询问每一位专家有哪些特定资料可用来帮助解决有关问题以及资料的使用方法。专家寄回预测意见后,组织者应对其统计汇总,求出专家们对每个预测问题的意见平均值、百分比、中位数,也可以具体描绘出针对每个问题专家们意见的曲线。
(5)综合、整理及反馈。
第一轮征询意见收回后,主持预测机构要将这些意见归纳整理,匿名反馈给各个专家。专家从反馈回来的调查表上得到整体的意见和现状,以及同意或反对观点的理由,从而构成匿名专家之间的相互影响,并以此做出新的判断。因为要求参加者参照上一轮结果进行回答,所以,经过的轮次越多,意见便越集中。一般情况下,经过三轮后征询意见基本趋于稳定。第三轮回收的调查表经过整理后,即可做出最后的预测。

填空题
单项选择题

Sometimes geopolitical lessons come from the strangest places. With Eric Schmidt stepping down as CEO of Google and replaced by founder Larry Page, I can’t help but wonder if world leaders are taking note. Google perfected the horizontal business model. To the delight of enthusiasts of David Ricardo, the comparative economist, the company does one thing really well search and has built an ecosystem for others to flourish using it as a platform.

Contrast this with IBM and AT&T, long past their expiration dates as successful vertical companies. It’s no coincidence that the Soviet Union and IBM, two raging, top-down, command-and-control systems, collapsed at about the same time. What do I mean by vertical In its heyday, IBM did everything from soup to nuts. Designed chips, wrapped plastic around them, wrote operating systems and applications, and then sold and serviced mainframes. The giant captured half of computer-industry sales and 80 percent of profits until horizontal companies Intel and Microsoft knocked it out at its knees. AT&T owned phones and switches and long-distance lines until a very horizontal Internet and companies like Skype changed the economics of the phone call. These same dynamics are now driving the world economy into a productive horizontal enterprise. And it’s about time.

Economies are about increasing the standard of living of their participants. If you don’t have an economic system to create productivity, you end up stealing it from your neighbors. Think Roman Empire. Or the British who colonized large parts of the world to lock up natural resources to plug into their manufactories. Both very vertical. As of 1989, the United States of America became the world’s sole superpower. But what is America going to do with this status Unlike past empires, there’s no incentive to take over the rest of the world. Why take over a country and deal with the headaches of a welfare system, and have to fix the plumbing in Uzbekistan, when you can buy its output on the cheap, even ordering its goods over the Web Despite all the protests, globalization instills peace. Trade now represents 26 percent of world GDP, up from 18 percent in 1990.

Globalization has linked the free world in a smart horizontal alliance. Computers, cell phones, and fiber optics are not made in any single country to be exported worldwide, but instead have components and labor from more than 30 inseparable countries, including China and Vietnam. Horizontal rules!

Without much forethought or planning, the world has structured itself into a horizontal wealth-creating and peace-maintaining system—a productive system that actually increases the standard of living of all the participants, not just those in the United States. America still sits on top of the heap, sure, but wealth has increased for every country, company, and person that contributes. And they get rich not by stealing from the rest of the world, but by adding value to the food chain. Just ask Google.

A horizontal company is one that()

A. only deals with comparable businesses in its transaction

B. focuses its business mainly on what it is outstanding

C. has developed a long line of business all the way up

D. tries hard to meet the needs of the enthusiasts for its service