问题 问答题

试析经验归纳原则和演绎推理原则在社会研究中的意义和局限性。

答案

参考答案:

解析:(1) 经验归纳原则。与自然科学一样,现代社会科学也是建立在经验归纳基础上的。所谓“经验归纳”是指人们通过对特定自然现象或社会现象进行大量经验观察的资料累积中总结出关于该现象的普遍性命题。在日常生活和社会实践中,人们自发地运用着归纳原则去认识自然和社会现象。近代自然科学遵循归纳原则,强调对自然规律的认识要建立在对经验观察并进行归纳的基础之上。现代实证主义的社会研究方法也强调对社会的认识应该建立在对社会事实进行归纳而得出对社会现象的普遍性概括。在社会研究中遵循归纳原则的最大好处是保证研究结论能够建立在经验事实的基础上,并且能够通过众多经验观察的归纳而为建立普遍性命题打下基础。但是,在现实的研究过程中,研究者常常无法观察到某一自然现象或社会现象的所有情况。因此,仅靠归纳法来得出对某一社会现象的普遍性概括是具有缺陷的。 (2) 演绎推理原则。演绎推理是指按照人们的思维逻辑从一个(或多个)命题推导出另一个新的命题。在演绎推理中,新命题的真实性(即是否符合客观事实)是由原有命题真实性来保证的。演绎推理的逻辑方法也广泛运用于科学研究中。在社会研究中演绎推理主要应用于两个过程中。其一是在对一个比较抽象的理论命题进行经验检验之前,需要从这个抽象命题推演出一个或多个能够在经验中加以检验的命题。其二是将经过检验为真的普遍性理论推演到具体的事例上,以使社会研究的结论能够指导具体工作。然而,在社会研究中演绎法虽然很重要,但它并不能保证一个命题的真实性,也不能检验一个命题的真实性程度。因此,在社会研究中要同时采用归纳逻辑和演绎逻辑。通过归纳逻辑去检验命题的真实性,而通过演绎逻辑去提供对普遍性命题进行经验检验的条件,并且将经过检验的命题扩展到更广泛和具体的应用领域。

单项选择题
单项选择题

You’re busy filling out the application form for a position you really need, let’s assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn’t it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University
More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about one per week.
Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them "impostors". Another refers to them as "special cases". One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by "no such people".
To avoid complete lies, some job-seekers claim that they "attended" or "were associated with" a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that "attending" means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that "being associated with" a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century--that’s when they began keeping records, anyhow.
If you don’t want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a fake diploma. One company, with officers in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from "Smoot State University". The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the "University of Purdue". As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is properly called Purdue University, the prices seems rather high for one sheet of paper.

The main idea of this passage is that ______.

A. employers are checking more closely on applicants now
B. lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem
C. college degrees can now be purchased easily
D. employers are no longer interested in college degrees