问题 问答题

试述汇率变动对经济的影响。

答案

参考答案:汇率变化对经济的影响主要表现在以下几个方面:
(1) 对进出口贸易的影响。一定条件下,一国货币对外贬值有利于本国的出口,而对外升值则有利于进口。这是通过汇率升降对本国进出口商品价格的影响来实现的。其原理是:本币汇率下降意味着外币升值,对出口会产生两种结果:一是等值本币的出口商品在国际市场上会折合更少的外币,使国外销售价格下降,竞争力增强,出口扩大;二是出口商品在国际市场上的外币价格保持不变,则本币贬值会使等值外币兑换成更多本币,国内出口商品的出口利润增加,从而提供出口商的积极性,扩大出口。同样,本币汇率下降会使以本币表示的进口商品价格上扬,从而抑制国内对进口商品的需求,减少进口数量,这样该国的贸易状况就能从两个方面同时得到改善。相反,一国汇率上升则会产生相反的效果。正是由于汇率变动的上述效应,许多国家都倾向于运用外汇倾销来扩大贸易出口,限制进口,以缓和国际收支经常项目的危机。
(2) 汇率变动对资本流动的影响。从理论上讲,本币对外贬值后,一单位外币可以折合成更多的本币,会促使外国资本流入增加,国内资本流出减少;而在本币对外价值将贬未贬时,会引起本国资本外逃,本币对外升值的作用则相反。但是,国际资本流动的主要目的是为了追求利润与避险。汇率稳定能确保国外投资者得到预期利润,有利于资本输出入。因此,汇率的过度频繁波动会对资本流动起到损害作用。例如当一些国家的货币暴跌时,国内的本币持有者为了避免损失,就会将本币兑换成其他较为坚挺的货币或购买其他外国金融资产,从而导致国内资金外流,国际收支恶化,并促使汇率继续下降。
(3) 汇率变动对各国国际储备和国际债务的影响。一方面,汇率变动通过影响国际贸易及国际资本流动,引起一国国际储备规模增减波动;另一方面,汇率波动所引起的风险,使一国管理其国际储备与国际债务的难度大为提高,因为汇率升降会增加或减少一国外汇储备存量的实际价值以及对外的实际债务负担。
(4) 汇率变动对国内物价水平的影响。汇率变动通过影响进出口商品价格从而直接或间接影响国内的物价水平。通常,本币汇率上升,国内物价水平下降;本币汇率下降,国内物价水平上升。
另外,汇率变动通过影响一国的进出口状况及资本流出入,也对该国的经济增长与就业、国内利息水平等产生影响。
总之,汇率变动对国际国内的经济影响是多层次多角度的。由于不同国家、不同时期的经济条件之差异,汇率变动对经济的影响是有差别的,而且在很多时候,由于诸多因素的综合作用,汇率对经济的影响可能无法确定。

多项选择题
单项选择题

Imagine going to your doctor with a complaint of frequent headaches. Your doctor takes a prescription pad and writes a word on it. The word isn’t "aspirin", it’s "Mozart".

Many kinds of music can stir the imagination and produce p feeling. For some people, romantic composers such as Chopin and Tchaikovsky enhance feelings of love and compassion. Religious and spiritual music can help some people feel peace or lessen their pain. But one musician seems to have a unique ability to heal the human body-Mozart. Scientists have found Mozart’s music to be remarkable in its ability to calm its listeners. It can also increase their perception, and help them express themselves more clearly.

Many amazing cases have been documented using Mozart as a healing aid. For example, a tiny premature baby (早产婴儿) named Krissy, who weighed just 1.5 pound at birth, was on total life support. Doctors thought she had little chance of survival. Her mother insisted on playing Mozart for Krissy, and thinks it saved her daughter’s life. Krissy lived, but she was very small for her age and slower than the average child. At the age of four, she showed an interest in music and her parents gave her violin lessons. To their astonishment, Krissy was able to play musical pieces from memory that were far beyond the ability of an average four-year-old. Playing music helped her improve in all areas of her life.

Other stories have emerged about the effect of Mozart’s music. Officials in Washington State report that new arrivals from Asia learn English more quickly when they listen to Mozart. In Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Mozart string quartets (弦乐四重奏) in city squares seem to calm pedestrian traffic. Even animals and seemingly inanimate objects respond to Mozart. In France. cows serenaded (对……唱/奏小夜曲) with Mozart give more milk, and in Japan, the yeast used to make sake (日本清酒) is ten times better when it "listens" to Mozart.

Why Mozart, rather than Bach or the Beatles Any kind of music can have an effect on some people. But Mozart has more balance. It isn’t too fast or too slow; it’s just right. Don Campbell. who wrote a book called The Mozart Effect, says, "It’s like food. A hot spicy meal will affect you differently than a sweet dessert. And while you might love these foods, they aren’t good for you to eat every day. You need simple, nutritious food on a steady basis. That’s the way Mozart is. It’s like a nutritionally balanced meal that brings order and harmony to your body. \

The author uses the case of Krissy to illustrate that ().

A. premature baby can survive and grow normally

B. antenatal training (胎教) is important for baby’s mental development

C. music can help a person improve in all areas of his/her life

D. Mozart’s music has a good healing effect