问题 问答题

论述物流推进型控制和物流拉动型控制的原理

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解析:根据最终产品的需求结构,计算出各生产工序的物流需求量,在考虑各生产工序的生产提前期之后,向各工序发出物流指令。 推进型控制的特点是集中控制,每个阶段物流活动都要服从集中控制指令。但各阶段没有考虑影响本阶段的局部库存因素,因此这种控制原理不能使各阶段的库存水平都保持在期望水平。广泛应用的MRP系统控制实质上就是推进型控制。 根据最终产品的需求结构,计算出最后工序的物流需求量,根据最后工序的物流需求量,向前一工序提出物流供应要求。依此类推,各生产工序都接受它后一工序的物流需求。从指令方式上不难看出,由于各个工序独立发出指令,所以实质上是单一阶段的重复。 拉动型控制的特点是分散控制,每个阶段的物流控制目标都是满足局部需求,通过这种控制,使局部生产达到最优要求。但各阶段的物流控制目标难以考虑系统的总的控制目标,因此这种控制原理不能使总费用水平和库存水平保持在期望水平。广泛应用的“看板管理”系统控制实质上就是拉动型控制。

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A How to Use a Painting Knife 使用画刀的方法
Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.
What’s the difference between a palette knife and a painting knife
A palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They’re made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn’t cut the (8) .
·What shape of painting knife should I use
Different shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9)a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.
·Why can’t I use a palette knife to paint with
You can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there’s less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you’re unsure whether you’re going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.
·How do I use painting knife
(14) the handle firmly so you’re got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you’d pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread.It’ll seem strange at first as it’s quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito).