问题 问答题

某承包商经研究决定参与某工程投标。经造价工程师估价,该工程估算成本为1500万元,其中材料费占60%。拟定高、中、低三个报价方案的利润率分别为10%、7%、4%,根据过去类似工程的投标经验,相应的中标概率分别为0.3、0.6、0.9。编制投标文件的费用为5万元。该工程业主在招标文件巾明确规定采用固定总价合同。据估计,在施工过程中材料费可能平均上涨3%,其发生概率为0.4。

[问题]

该承包商应按哪个方案投标?相应的报价为多少?

答案

参考答案:

(1)计算各投标方案的利润。

①投高标材料不涨价时的利润:1500×10%=150(万元)

②投高标材料涨价时的利润:150-1500×60%×3%=123(万元)

③投中标材料不涨价时的利润:1500×7%=105(万元)

④投中标材料涨价时的利润:105-1500×60%×3%=578(万元)

⑤投低标材料不涨价时的利润:1500×4%=60(万元)

⑥投低标材料涨价时的利润:60-1500×60%×3%=33(万元)

注:亦可先计算因材料涨价而增加的成本额度1500×60%×3%=27(万元),再分别从高、中、低三个报价方案的预期利润中扣除。

将以上计算结果列于表9。

(2)画出决策树,标明各方案的概率和利润,如图4所示。

(3)计算图3中各机会点的期望值(将计算结果标在各机会点上方)。

点⑤:150×0.6+123×0.4=139.2(万元)

点②:139.2×0.3-5×0.7=38.26(万元)

点⑥:105×0.6+78×0.4=94.2(万元)

点③:94.2×0.6-5×0.4=54.52(万元)

点⑦:60×0.6+33×0.4=49.2(万元)

点④:49.2×0.9-5×0.1=43.78(万元)

(4)决策。

因为点③的期望利润最大,故承包商应按中标方案投标。

相应的报价为:1500×(1+7%)=1605(万元)

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When Melissa Mahan and her husband visited the Netherlands, they felt imprisoned by their tour bus. It forced them to see the city according to a particular route and specific schedule--but going off on their own meant missing out on the information provided by the guide. On their return home to San Diego, California, they started a new company called Tour Coupes. Now, when tourists in San Diego rent one of their small, brightly coloured three-wheeled vehicles, they are treated to a narration over the stereo system about the places they pass, triggered by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite technology.

This is just one example of how GPS is being used to provide new services to tourists. "What we really have here is a technology that allows people to forget about the technology," says Jim Carrier of IntelliTours, a GPS tourism firm which began offering a similar service over a year ago in Montgomery, Alabama. The city is packed with sites associated with two important chapters in American history, the civil war of the 1860s and the civil-rights movement a century later. Montgomery has a 120-year-old trolley system, called the Lightning Route, which circulates around the downtown area and is mainly used by tourists. On the Lightning Route trolleys, GPS-triggered audio clips point out historical hotspots.

Other firms, such as CityShow in New York and GPS Tours Canada in Banff, Canada, offer hand-held GPS receivers that play audio clips for listening to while walking or driving. In South Africa, Europcar, a car-rental firm, offers a device called the Xplorer. As well as providing commentary on 2 000 points of interest, it can also warn drivers if they exceed the local speed limit.

If such services prove popular, the use of dedicated audio-guide devices could give way to a different approach. A growing number of mobile phones have built-in GPS or can determine their locations using other technologies. Information for tourists delivered via phones could be updated in real time and could contain advertisements. "Location-based services", such as the ability to call up a list of nearby banks or pizzerias, have been talked about for years but have never taken off. But aiming such services at tourists makes sense--since people are more likely to want information when in an unfamiliar place. It could give mobile roaming a whole new meaning.

Which of the following is true of the text()

A. Location-based services are popular in many fields

B. Europcar offers hand-held GPS receivers

C. CityShow offers a service similar to IntelliTours

D. Xplorer can warn drivers when they offend