隶农制
参考答案：隶农最早于公元前2世纪在意大利出现，最初是指承租别人土地的佃户。这种佃户有大小之分，小佃户大多是失地或少地的农民；大佃户则是拥有雄厚资金和众多奴隶而以经营农业获利的人。隶农可把租来的土地转租给别人，也可以在租地外耕种自己的土地。起初，小佃户承租土地限于偏远地区和山区各地，隶农制尚不流行。后来，由于受到斯巴达克起义的冲击，一些大奴隶主鉴于集中使用奴隶劳动存在危险，转而把一部分土地作为特许析产交给奴隶经营，或出租给隶农耕种。于是，隶农数量日益增多，存在范围较前广泛。公元1至2世纪，由于意大利土地关系的变化，奴隶制出现危机征兆以及劳动力来源紧张，隶农制在意大利逐渐盛行，并扩展到许多行省。公元3世纪的危机则使隶农在实际上丧失了自由民身份和独立的经济地位，终于导致隶农转变为罗马奴隶制解体时期介于自由民和奴隶之间的一种特殊类型的依附农民，在某种意义上成为中世纪农奴的先驱。
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| Adults are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practised in the meantime. A man who has not had an opportunity to go swimming for years can 1 swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after several decades and still 2 away. A mother who has not 3 the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or recite the story of Cinderella or Snow White. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: 4 we have learned something, additional learning increases the 5 of time we will remember it. In childhood, we usually continue to practise such skills as swimming, bicycle riding long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and 6 ourselves of poems such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella or Snow White. We not only learn but 7 . The law of overlearning explains why cramming (突击学习) for an examination, 8 it may result in a passing grade, is not a 9 way to learn a school course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning; 10 , is usually a good investment toward the future. | ||||
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