问题 问答题

在病例对照研究中选择病例时,容易产生的偏倚及控制的方法有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

(1)在选择病例时如果病例来自于某一个医院,那么根据此研究得出的结论就只能适用于此医院而不能推广到所有患有此疾病的人。

(2)新发病例与现患病例的问题:在病例的选择上,现患病例通常比新发病例较容易获得,但是应首选新发病例。原因:对一些疾病而言,其诊断标准通常会周期性地变化,因此,新诊断的病例其标准较那些在不同时期诊断的病例要更统一。另外,新发病例其关于暴露的回顾更可靠,同时也可避免因影响临床预后的因素引起的选择偏倚。而用现患病例由于病程较长,疾病的诊断方法、记录保存等都会改变,回忆错误的机会也增加,另外病后的暴露状态也会改变,还有一些预后因素可影响现患病例的生存。

(3)死亡病例:信息主要由家属提供,准确性较差。

阅读理解

It is Sunday today. Ann is shopping with her mother. She wants her mother to buy a new sweater for her. In a clothing shop, she finds an orange one. She tries it on (试穿). It is too small. She wants a bigger one, but the bigger ones are not orange. Ann doesn’t like other colours. Her mother asks:” Shall we go to another shop to have a look? ” So they go out of the shop and go into another one.

The second shop is bigger than the first, and in it there are many kinds of sweaters of different sizes and colours. Ann tries on an orange one. It is too big. She tries a smaller one. It is OK.

“How much is it ?” Ann’s mother asks the women who sells clothes. Then they find it too dear (贵), and they don’t have so much money with them.

“Would you like a cheaper one ? ” The women asks.

“ No, we shall take this one. My daughter likes it. We will come back to buy it tomorrow. ” Ann’s mother answers.

小题1: It is Sunday. Ann and her mother                

A.are at home

B. are in a clothing shop

C.are in a restaurant

D. are in a park小题2: Ann wants to buy          .

A.an orange

B.an orange sweater

C.an orange for her mother

D.an orange sweater for her mother小题3:There is only one             .

A.shop near her home

B.orange in the first shop

C.orange sweater in the first shop

D.orange sweater in the second shop小题4: The orange sweater in the first shop is          .

A.too small

B.OK.

C.longer

D.too dear.小题5:In the second shop, why don’t they buy the sweater ?

A.Because Ann doesn’t like the sweater.

B.Because it’s too small.

C.Because they don’t have enough(足够的) money.

D.Because they want to buy a cheaper one.

单项选择题