问题 问答题 简答题

如何评价孟子和荀子的人性论?

答案

参考答案:

孟子和荀子都是战国时代的著名学者,他们均对人性问题进行了深入细致的思考,并各自提出了自己的见解,对于当时和后世都产生了很大的影响。但是他们二人的观点从出发点和发展途径,以及最终归宿都有很大的差别,现就将二者理论上的简述如下:

一、二者的出发点不同:

孟子持人行善的主张,他认为,人生来都有一种基本的共同天赋本性,这就是“不忍之心”,或者说是对别人的“同情心”。除此之外孟子认为人人生来就有的天赋本性还有“羞恶之心”、“恭敬之心”、“是非之心”,这四种“心”,就是孟子天赋道德观念和论证人性本善的根据。

荀子持“性恶”论,认为人生来就好利、嫉妒、喜声色。荀子说,“人之性恶,其善者,伪也”。

二、二者对于人性的发展途径观点不同:

孟子认为从他的天赋“性善”论出发提出了一套修养办法,通过“反求诸己而已”即在于主观的反省,注意保存天赋的那四种“心”,来达到他所持的道德标准。

荀子认为,需要圣人、君主对称民的教化,需要礼仪等制度和道德规范去引导人们。

三、二者观点的最终归宿不同;

荀子的“性恶”论,反对孟子的天赋道德的观念,提出道德规范,礼仪制度等是后天才才有的,这种思想有唯物主义的因素,有一定的历史进步意义。黑格尔曾认为,主张性恶比主张性善深刻得多。

孟子和荀子的观点除以上的主要不同外,它们的观点也有相同的地方。他们所谓“性善”、“性恶”的含义,其实都是统治阶级的标准。

口语交际,情景问答题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

        At a certain time in our lives we consider every place as the possible site for a house. I have thus

searched the country within a dozen miles of where I live. In imagination I have bought all the farms, one

after another, and I knew their prices.

        The nearest thing that I came to actual ownership was when I bought the Hollowell place. But before

the owner completed the sale with me, his wife changed her mind and wished to keep it, and he offered

me additional dollars to return the farm to him. However, I let him keep the dollars and sold him the farm

for just what I gave for it.

        The real attractions of the Hollowell farm to me were its position, being about two miles from the

village, half a mile from the nearest neighbor, bounded (相邻) on one side by the river, and separated from

the highway by a wide field. The poor condition of the house and fences showed that it hadn’t been used

for some time. I remembered from my earliest trip up the river that the house used to be hidden behind a

forest area, and I was in a hurry to buy it before the owner finished getting out some rocks, cutting down

the apple trees, and clearing away some young trees which had grown up in the fields. I wanted to buy it

before he made any more of his improvements. But it turned out as I have said.

        I was not really troubled by the loss. I had always had a garden, but I don’t think I was ready for a

large farm. I believe that as long as possible it is better to live free and uncommitted (无牵挂的). It makes

but little difference whether you own a farm or not.

1.What do we know about the author?

A. He wanted to buy the oldest farm near where he live.

B. He made a study of many farms before buying.

C. He made money by buying and selling farms.

D. He had the money to buy the best farm in the country.

2.Why did the author decide to buy the Hollowell place?

A. It was of good market value.

B. It was next to the highway.

C. It was is a good position.

D. It was behind a nice garden.

3.Why did the author want to buy the farm in a hurry?

A. He was afraid the owner might change his mind.

B. He hoped to enlarge the forest on the farm.

C. He wanted to keep the farm as it was.

D. He was eager to become a farm owner.

4.The underlined words “the loss” in the last paragraph refer to ________.

A. the money the author lost in buying the farm

B. the sale of the garden in the Hollowell place

C. the removal of the trees around the house

D. the failure to possess the Hollowell place

5.What does the author believe as important in life?

A. To own a farm.

B. To satisfy his needs.

C. To be free from worries.

D. To live in the countryside.