问题 问答题 简答题

如何评价孟子和荀子的人性论?

答案

参考答案:

孟子和荀子都是战国时代的著名学者,他们均对人性问题进行了深入细致的思考,并各自提出了自己的见解,对于当时和后世都产生了很大的影响。但是他们二人的观点从出发点和发展途径,以及最终归宿都有很大的差别,现就将二者理论上的简述如下:

一、二者的出发点不同:

孟子持人行善的主张,他认为,人生来都有一种基本的共同天赋本性,这就是“不忍之心”,或者说是对别人的“同情心”。除此之外孟子认为人人生来就有的天赋本性还有“羞恶之心”、“恭敬之心”、“是非之心”,这四种“心”,就是孟子天赋道德观念和论证人性本善的根据。

荀子持“性恶”论,认为人生来就好利、嫉妒、喜声色。荀子说,“人之性恶,其善者,伪也”。

二、二者对于人性的发展途径观点不同:

孟子认为从他的天赋“性善”论出发提出了一套修养办法,通过“反求诸己而已”即在于主观的反省,注意保存天赋的那四种“心”,来达到他所持的道德标准。

荀子认为,需要圣人、君主对称民的教化,需要礼仪等制度和道德规范去引导人们。

三、二者观点的最终归宿不同;

荀子的“性恶”论,反对孟子的天赋道德的观念,提出道德规范,礼仪制度等是后天才才有的,这种思想有唯物主义的因素,有一定的历史进步意义。黑格尔曾认为,主张性恶比主张性善深刻得多。

孟子和荀子的观点除以上的主要不同外,它们的观点也有相同的地方。他们所谓“性善”、“性恶”的含义,其实都是统治阶级的标准。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Photographs are everywhere. They decorate (装饰) the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales

of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the

beauties of nature. They can also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild

animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories.

     Reporting the news through photos is called photojournalism. At times photojournalists tell their stories

through a single picture. At other times, they use a group of pictures to tell a story. Each picture is like a

chapter in a book, which can do more than record the facts. It can also be a strong force for social change.

     Jacob Riis was among the first photojournalists. He took pictures of parts of New York City where the

poor lived. Riis believed that poverty (贫穷) caused crime, and he used photos to help him prove his point.

A few years later, the photos of small children working in factories by Lewis Hine shocked the public. Hine's

pictures helped bring about laws to protect such children.

     Hundreds of pictures may have to be taken in order to get one or two really good photos. It takes science

to have the photo come out clearly and art to make a photo that has a good design and expresses feeling.

Photojournalists make an actual record of what they see. A photo, however, can be both a work of art and an

actual record. It can record an important event as a beautiful or exciting picture.

     As historical and artistic documents (文献), photos can become more important over time. Today

photojournalists still have their pictures appear in newspapers and magazines. They also publish (发表) them

in books and on the Internet.

1. The underlined word "They" in the first paragraph refers to _____.

A. beauties

B. photos

C. goods

D. events

2. The photos of the small children by Hine show us that photos _____.

A. are also works of art

B. are popular ways of reporting news

C. often shock the public

D. can serve as a force for social change

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A. News with pictures is encouraging.

B. Photos help people improve

C. News photos mean history in a sense.

D. People prefer reading news with pictures.

4. The text is mainly about _____.

A. telling the story through picture

B. decorating the walls of homes

C. publishing historical papers

D. expressing feeling through pictures