问题 问答题

影响人格形成与发展的因素有哪些各起什么作用

答案

参考答案:人格是构成一个人思想、情感及行为的特有模式,这个独特模式包含了一个人区别于他人的稳定而统一的心理品质。人们各自所特有的这些人格模式是在遗传与环境交互作用下逐渐发展形成的,其影响因素分为两大类:先天生理因素和后天环境因素。
(1)先天生理因素。通过双生子的研究结果表明,在人格特征上,同卵双生子间的相关比异卵双生子间的相关高很多,分开抚养的与未分开抚养的同卵双生子具有同样高的相关。这证明遗传对人格具有一定的作用。然而,遗传作用有多大,确实是一个复杂的问题。根据以往研究,我们认为遗传是人格不可缺少的影响因素,遗传因素对人格的作用程度因人格特征的不同而异。通常在智力、气质这些与生物因素相关较大的特征上,遗传因素较为重要;而在价值观、信念、性格等与社会因素关系紧密的特征上.后天环境因素更重要。在个体发展过程中,人格是遗传与环境交互作用的结果,遗传因素影响人格的发展方向及难易。
(2)后天环境因素。后天环境的因素是多种多样的,小的如家庭因素,大的如社会文化因素。
①社会文化因素:每个人都处于特定的社会文化之中,文化对人格的影响是极为重要的。社会文化塑造了社会成员的人格特征,使其成员的人格结构朝着相似性的方向发展,而这种相似性又具有维系一个社会稳定的功能。社会文化具有对人格的塑造功能,这反映在不同文化的民族有其固有的民族性格,如西方人开放、中国人含蓄等。社会文化对人格的影响力因文化而异,社会对顺应的要求越严格,其影响力就越大。影响力的强弱也视其行为的社会意义的大小,对于不太具有社会意义的行为,社会容许较大的变异;但对在社会功能上十分重要的行为,就不容许太大的变异,社会文化的制约作用就越大。但是,若个人极端偏离其社会文化所要求的人格基本特征,不能融入社会文化环境之中,可能就会被视为行为偏差或心理疾病。
②家庭:家庭确实是“人类性格的工厂”,它塑造了人们不同的人格特征。父母的教养方式的恰当性,会直接决定孩子人格特征的形成。如权威型教养方式下的孩子容易形成消极、被动、依赖、服从、懦弱、不诚实等人格特征,放纵型教养方式会使孩子任性、幼稚、自私、野蛮、无礼、独立性差、惟我独尊、蛮横胡闹等,民主型教养方式会使孩子活泼、快乐、直爽、自立、彬彬有礼、善于交往、容易合作、思想活跃:等。
⑧早期经验:幸福的童年有利于儿童向健康人格发展,不幸的童年也会引发儿童不良人格的形成。但二者不存在一一对应的关系,溺爱也可使孩子形成不良人格特点,逆境也可磨炼出孩子坚强的性格。早期经验往往与其他因素共同来决定人格。早期儿童经验是否对人格造成永久性影响因人而异。对于正常人来说,随年龄的增长、心理的成熟化,童年的影响会逐渐缩小、减弱,其效果不会永久不衰。
①学校:学校是一种有目的、有计划地向学生施加影响的教育场所。教师、学生班集体、同学与同伴等都是学校教育的元素。教师对学生人格的发展具有指导定向的作用。特别是教师既是学校宗旨的执行者,又是学生评量言行的标准,教师的言传身教对学生产生着巨大的影响。学校是同龄群体会聚的场所,群体对学生人格具有巨大的影响。班集体是学校的基本团体组织结构,班集体的特点、要求、舆论和评价对于学生人格发展中具有“弃恶扬善”的作用。
(3)先后天的交互作用。遗传与环境因素在人格形成中,谁起主导作用就人格状态而言,后天环境因素的作用更大;但就人格的不同成分来看,遗传、环境的作用因人格特征而异,因人而异。例如,人的气质、智力等成分受遗传因素的影响更大,人的性格、价值观等主要受后天环境影响。而具有灵活特征的人其社会适应性强,后天环境对他们的人格影响更大。总之,人格是先天后天交互作用的结果。

完形填空
请认真阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后图表中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。(每空一词)
Many people have trouble with reading. Reading is a process of the brain where you look at eaning in them. If you develop good reading skills, it’ll be very helpful to your future. Aren’t your school teachers always saying “Read more books!”?
Read as much as you are able. Start with titles, names, or other larger print items that you may know or ever thought about. When you start getting bored or need a break, take one. Reading should be fun and enjoyable, don’t force it. After your break, return to where you were, and continue.
Read the page carefully. Don’t rush, take your time. Most people think that skimming the pages is a way of fast reading, but this definitely not true.
Use context clues to find out a word’s meaning. Context clues are when a person figures out the meaning of a word by seeing how the word was used in a sentence. For example, you were reading the following sentence and wanted to know what “pessimist” means: My mother is always happy and optimistic, the total opposite of my brother, the pessimist. So from the sentence, you can gather that “pessimist” means the opposite of happy. If you find a really difficult word, use the dictionary!
Reread! If you don’t understand what you are reading, read over the sentence(s) again. Try reading the words out loud to yourself. If you still don’t understand something, ask a good reader nearby to explain the sentence(s) to you, or simply pick up a book that is easier to read and more proper to your reading level. Feel free to use your finger as a pointer. It will keep your eyes focused on the line you are reading, improving your understanding!
Keep reading! Try to read as much as you can in your free time. Reading will help you in lots of ways; your vocabulary will become larger and you will notice your grades change for the better in school. Have fun reading!
To get the most comprehension, avoid lying down while reading. While reading in bed can help you relax and fall asleep, you can remember more information by having a good posture(姿势)while reading.
Title:   小题1:  to Improve Reading
_ 小题2:for developing reading
Reading will be very   小题3:  to your future.
 
 小题4: 
Read as much as   小题5: .
Read the page carefully.
                    *  Figure out the meaning of a word by seeing how the word was   小题6: in a sentence.
Turn to context clues   *  Use the dictionary if necessary.
                    *  Read the sentence(s)   小题7:  when you don’t understand .
Reread               *  Turn to a good reader for help.
*  Keep your eyes  小题8:  on the line you are reading.
                     *  Read as much as you can.
Keep reading          *  Enlarge your vocabulary.
  小题9:  reading.
The posture of reading
Don’t   小题10:  down while reading.
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