问题 问答题

问题:这个案件应当如何定性

答案

参考答案:

解析:针对本案,比较以上三种意见,我们认为三种意见都是不妥当的。 对于本案的不同意见,争议的焦点有三个: (1)李某和王某对于汽车是共同共有还是按份共有; (2)买卖合同是否成立生效; (3)刘某能否取得该汽车的所有权。 我们可以分别探讨: (1)按份共有是指两个或两个以上的人对同一项财产按照份额享有所有权;共同共有是指两个或两个以上的人基于共同关系,共同享有——物的所有权。依据婚姻法的规定,夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间购买的桑塔纳汽车为共同共有财产。而共同共有是基于某种特定关系不确定份额的共有,在共有关系存续期间,共有人不能划分自己对财产的份额,也不能请求分割共有物。这是共同共有与按份共有的重大区别之所在,可见,第一种意见将该汽车作为按份共有财产,是不正确的。至于其因此而得出的买卖一半有效一。半无效,交付一半价款即可确定买卖有效,更是没有法律依据。 (2)共同共有人平等地享有权利和承担义务,各共有人对于共有物平等地享有占有、使用、收益、处分权。依据民法通则及其意见的规定,共同共有关系存续期间,部分共有人未经其他共有人同意不得擅自处分共有财产,否则一般认定为无效。但如果第三人善意、有偿取得该项财产的,应当维护第-三人的合法利益,对其他共有人的损失,由擅自处分共有财产的人赔偿。这就牵涉到两个问题:买卖合同的效力以及善意取得制度。 (3)买卖合同的效力:擅自处分共有财产的行为也属于无权处分行为,而无权处分行为的效力状态属于效力待定,如果出卖人事后取得处分权或者有权处分的人事后追认,则买卖合同可以为有效,如果事后没有取得处分权,有权处分的人也没有事后追认,则买卖合同为无效。本题中,共有人并没有事后追认行为,处分人也没有事后取得处分权,因此该买卖合同是无效的。 (4)善意取得,亦称即时取得,是指无权处分他人财产的占有人,在不法将其占有的财产转让给第三人以后,如果受让人在取得该财产时系出于善意,即依法取得该财产的所有权,原财产所有人不得要求受让人返还财产的制度。善意取得来自于交易(买卖合同),但是买卖合同因无权处分而无效的,并不影响善意取得制度的适用。 善意取得制度的构成要件有: ①处分财产的出让人须是非所有权人或无转让权人。非所有权人就是对让与物不享有所有权的人。善意取得白勺让与人虽然是非所有权人,但他必须实际占有被让与的该动产。如果不占有该动产,他就不可能将其出让二。 ②受让人须通过交换而实际占有已取得的财产。 ③转移占有的财产须是法律允许流通的动产。 ④受让人取得财产时须出于善意。善意就是不知情,即受让人在受让财产时不知让与人非财产所有人或无转让权人。 ⑤受让人取得财产须是通过等价交换的方式而取得。 本题中,刘某作为善意第三人可以基于善意取得取得汽车的所有权。

判断题
单项选择题

Last year, one group of students in Taiwan did just that. They took chances-and ended up in jail. More than 20 students paid a cram school owner to help them cheat on Taiwan’s entrance exam, according to police. The students received answers to test questions through cell phones and other electronic devices. Taiwan isn’t the only place in Asia to see major cheating scandals. In both India and South Korea, college entrance exams have been stolen and sold to students.

Academic cheating has risen dramatically over the last decade. Duke University conducted a survey of 50,000 university and 18,000 high school students in America. More than 70 percent of the students admitted cheating. Just 10 years earlier, only 56 percent said they had cheated. This trend extends far beyond the U. S., too. In Asia, where students face intense pressure to excel, the cheating problem is especially pronounced. In many Asian countries, a student’s performance is measured mostly by exam scores. And admission to a top school depends on acing standardized tests. This test-driven culture makes cheating an easy way for students to get ahead in a super-competitive academic system.

But the pressure to perform well on tests isn’t the only thing turning students into cheaters. For one, new technology makes cheating easier than ever. Students now have more sophisticated options than just "cheat sheets" hidden in pencil boxes. Today’s tech-smart students use text-messaging to discreetly send each other test answers. They post questions from standardized tests on internet bulletin boards. Students in Asia, for example, have posted questions from the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE).

Deeper issues than technology and testing, however, may be leading to the rise in academic dishonesty. Both students and educators say that society offers too many negative role models. Businesspeople make millions and scientists eam intemational acclaim by cheating and lying. The case of Korean scientist Hwang Woo Suk offers one powerful example. He faked the results of his stem cell research and became a national hero. From many sectors of society, the message to students is loud and clear: Cheating is an easy way to get ahead.

Victoria Lin, a high school teacher in Taichung, says educators must begin to stress integrity as well as achievement in academics. That’s what she tries to instill in her students. "I always tell my students, ’How much is your character worth 100 points 90 points’" Jerry Chang, a student at Taiwan’s Oriental Institute of Technology, also has words of advice for classmates he sees cheating. "When you cheat on exams, you only cheat yourself," he says, "because you won’t know how much you’ve really learned.

The example of Korean scientist Hwang Woo Suk is quoted to ()

A. shift to topic from students’ cheating to academic dishonesty

B. attribute the problem of cheating to the negative examples in our society

C. compare businesspeople and scientists in cheating scandals

D. blame technology as the most important reason for cheating