问题 问答题

背景材料:
某隧道二次衬砌为厚度40cm的C25模筑混凝土。采用先拱后墙法施工时,拱架支撑变形下沉,承包人施工中存在泵送混凝土水灰比偏大;局部欠挖超过限值未凿除;模板移动部分钢筋保护层厚度不足等因素,造成其中一段衬砌完工后顶部、侧墙均出现环向裂缝,局部地段有斜向裂缝,严重者出现纵、环向贯通裂缝,形成网状开裂,缝宽最小0.1mm,最大4mm,必须进行补救处理。
2.问题:
(1)根据背景材料,请分析衬砌开裂原因。
(2)根据背景材料,应该从哪几个方面对隧道衬砌裂缝病害进行防治
(3)根据衬砌裂缝情况,简述其处理措施。

答案

参考答案:(1)衬砌开裂原因:
1)施工时,由于先拱后墙法施工时拱架支撑变形下沉,造成拱部衬砌产生不均匀下沉,拱腰和拱顶发生施工早期裂缝。
2)由于施工测量放线发生差错、欠挖、模板拱架支撑变形、坍方等原因,而在施工中又未能妥善处理,造成局部衬砌厚度偏薄。
3)施工质量管理不善,混凝土材料检验不力,施T配合比控制不严,水灰比过大等造成衬砌质量不良,降低承载能力。
(2)隧道衬砌裂缝病害的防治
1)设计时应根据围岩级别、性状、结构等地质情况,正确选取衬砌形式及衬砌厚度,确保衬砌具有足够的承载能力。
2)施工过程中发现围岩地质情况有变化,与原设计不符时,应及时变更设计。
3)钢筋保护层必须保证不小于3cm,钢筋使用前应做除锈、清污处理。
4)混凝土强度必须符合设计要求,宜采用较大的骨灰比,降低水灰比,合理选用外加剂。
5)衬砌背后如有可能形成水囊,应对围岩进行止水处理,根据设计施作防水隔离层。
6)衬砌施工时应严格按要求正确设置沉降缝、伸缩缝。
(3)对衬砌已产生的较大裂缝可压注纯水浆或化学浆液等进行填充封闭处理;对较小的表面开裂可用化学浆液作裂缝封闭处理。

阅读理解

  People use money to buy food, furniture, books, bicycles and hundreds of other things they need or want. Most of the money today is made of metal or paper. But people used to use all kinds of things as money. One of the first kinds of money was shells. Shells were not the only things used as money. In China, cloth and knives were used. In the Philippine Islands, rice was used as money for a long time. Elephant tusks, monkey tails, and salt were used as money in parts of Africa.

Some animals were used as money too. The first metal coins were made in China. They were round and had a square hole in the center. People strung them together and carried them from place to place. The first coins in England were made of tin (锡). Sweden and Russia used copper (铜) to make their money. Later countries began to make coins of gold and silver.

Later the Chinese thought of a way to improve money. They began to use paper money. Money has had an interesting history from the days of shell money until today.

小题1:People used different kinds of things as          .

A.gold

B.metal

C.money

D.silver小题2:Tin was first made as money in         .

A.China

B.Philippine Islands

C.England

D.Russia小题3: The word "strung" in the passage probably means         ."

A.came

B.tied

C.put

D.made小题4: The best topic of the article is”         .”

A.How Many Kinds of Money Are There in the World

B.The History of Money

C.Money in Different Countries

D.The Use of Money

单项选择题