阅读材料，并结合所学知识回答问题：

材料一　“倘使我们说，中国传统政治是专制的，政府由一个皇帝来独裁，这一说法，用来讲明清两代是可以的。”

——摘自黄仁宇《中国人历史》

(1)用明清相关史实说明材料一中“政府由一个皇帝来独裁”的观点。(4分)

材料二　我今只说要定一条：中华民国主权属于国民全体。一经表示我党国民革命真意义之所在，一以杜防盗憎主人者，与国民共弃之。

--------孙中山

(2)想了解孙中山先生关于“中华民国主权属于国民全体”这一精神，应查阅他颁布的哪一部法律文献？（2分） 有人说孙中山领导的辛亥革命是一次胜利的革命也是一次失败的革命,你是怎么理解辛亥革命是一次失败的革命？（9分）

（3）结合材料一、二归纳中国历史上政治制度发展所反映的历史趋势。(2分)

材料三　第一章   总纲

第二条  中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。全国人民代表大会、地方各级人民代表大会和其他国家机关，一律实行民主集中制

第三条   中华人民共和国是统一多民族的国家。各民族一律平等。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏各民族团结的行为。各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。

——《中华人民共和国宪法》

（4）依据材料三和所学知识，新中国确立了哪三大政治制度？(6分)

材料四　改革开放以后,中国进入政治建设的新时期。1999年3月九届全国人大通过宪法修正案，正式将“中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”以国家根本大法的形式确定下来。与此同时，社会主义法律体系也在不断完善。一个以宪法为核心的有中国特色社会主义的法律体系框架基本形成。

-------《历史》必修Ⅰ 朱汉国

（5）从材料二、三又能反映近现代中国政治制度发展怎样的趋势？（3分）

"What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops " Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufacturers and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling.
The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturers’ production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock Until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk.
The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer.
The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which he is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler but one would still be left with his function: that of making sure that goods find their way to the people who want them.

The wholesaler obtains higher selling prices for ______.

A．small parcels he sells

B．goods he buys in bulk

C．the service he provides

D．the information he offers