问题 问答题 简答题

简述陶煦的减租思想。

答案

参考答案:

明清两代,江苏东南苏州、松江等八府,田赋特重,地租也特别高。十九世纪六十年代初,冯桂芬代表这一地区的士绅,通过李鸿章向清廷请求减赋,获得允准。但田赋减而地租未减,这使太平天国失败后处境极端恶劣的农民更难忍受,也引起了当地一部分知识分子的不满。于是有陶煦等人出面呼吁减租。

陶煦在《租核》一书中把农业称作发展经济、改变中国落后状况的“本”,而把减租看作“培本”的措施。他指出,若不减租,这部分余财入于地主之手,多半被用作窖藏或用以放高利贷、兼并土地,未必用于购买更多商品;即使变成购买力,也是购买各种奢侈品或用于鸦片、嫖、赌,而不见得能扩大一般工商业的市场。若减租,则农有余财,则日用服物之所资,人人趋于市集,而市集之于工贾利也;市集有余财,则输转于都会,而都会之工贾利也。他这里所说的工贾,已不是或不止是旧式的工商业。他还评论了当时人们关于开矿、修铁路、通火车等主张,并均加以肯定。

这充分表明:陶煦已从扩大国内市场的角度,把减租同发展问题联系了起来。

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Stress is our response to threatening or (1) events. We may experience different levels of stress depending on the (2) , meaning the events or circumstances that cause us to feel stress. Stressors can be classified into (3) main categories: (4) events, personal stressors, and (5) stressors. Cataclysmic events are major events that cause stress (6) , immediately, for a great many people at once. Personal stressors are major life events that create stress, including (7) life events. Background stressors are (8) hassles, or minor irritations, or (9) background stressors. Repeated exposure to stressors has both psychological and (10) consequences. The long- term consequence is that body tissues such as the heart and blood vessels can begin to (11) . The (12) system functions less effectively, and (13) our ability to fight off illnesses.
The General Adaptation (14) explains the sequence of physiological reactions to stress. There are three phases to G. A. S. The first is the " alarm and (15) " phase: we respond with alarm, and take (16) to remove the stressor. The second phase is the (17) stage: we fight against the stressor or try to cope with the stressor. This can lead to the third phase. (18) . The exhaustion phase may be an (19) way of trying to avoid the stressors. The body may be telling us that we need to do whatever is (20) to remove the stressor.

Stress is our response to threatening or (1) events. We may experience different levels of stress depending on the (2) , meaning the events or circumstances that cause us to feel stress. Stressors can be classified into (3) main categories: (4) events, personal stressors, and (5) stressors. Cataclysmic events are major events that cause stress (6) , immediately, for a great many people at once. Personal stressors are major life events that create stress, including (7) life events. Background stressors are (8) hassles, or minor irritations, or (9) background stressors. Repeated exposure to stressors has both psychological and (10) consequences. The long- term consequence is that body tissues such as the heart and blood vessels can begin to (11) . The (12) system functions less effectively, and (13) our ability to fight off illnesses.
The General Adaptation (14) explains the sequence of physiological reactions to stress. There are three phases to G. A. S. The first is the " alarm and (15) " phase: we respond with alarm, and take (16) to remove the stressor. The second phase is the (17) stage: we fight against the stressor or try to cope with the stressor. This can lead to the third phase. (18) . The exhaustion phase may be an (19) way of trying to avoid the stressors. The body may be telling us that we need to do whatever is (20) to remove the stressor.