问题 问答题 简答题

简述北朝的均田制的主要经济思想。

答案

参考答案:

北魏均田制将土地分为露田、桑田、麻田、宅地四种,每种的的分配有具体规定。露田规定,诸男夫年十五以上受露田四十亩,妇女二十亩。因一般采取休耕法,故受倍田。倍田的作用,平时可作休耕之田,在人口变动时,可作为调整分配额的贮备土地。麻田,政府规定在产麻区,男子十亩,女子五亩,桑田,男子二十亩,女子不授。麻田与桑田均入倍田分。桑田不还,而露田年老及身没其还田。均田制反映的经济思想主要有。

第一,与西晋占田制相比要细致、周到。均田制规定奴婢受田依良,肯定了使用奴婢进行农业生产的合法性,奴婢便向农奴转化。

第二,均田制既想解决农民的土地问题,也想解决国家的财政问题。受田年龄与课税年龄相同,还田即不交税。均田制将租税的缴纳与否与土地的还受完全结合起来,确定了土地使用者与政府之间的直接依赖关系。第三,均田制并不消灭封建土地所有制。均田制一方面要以自己占有小块土地的诱惑使流亡农民不再沧为豪强的隐户与使一些隐户脱离地主成为政府的编户;另一方面,也使拥有大量奴婢的大地主继续占有大量土地并租税方面获得各种优待。

第四,劳动力对土地依附紧密。劳动力愈依附于土地则封建经济制度愈巩固。均田制加强劳动力对土地的依附表现在:一按劳动生产能力的高低分配田亩,随劳动力的存在与否以为还受土地的依据。二是对官僚地主占人土地的规定也不象西晋占田制那样以官爵高低为标准,而是以实际拥有的奴婢人数为依据。

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A Thirsty Planet


If you live in a city in North America or Europe, you have probably never thought much about water. Whenever you need some, you turn on the tap and there it is. Millions of people in other parts of the world are not so lucky. They have trouble getting enough clean water for their basic needs. This situation may soon become common all around the world, scientists believe. In fact, they say that the tack of clean water may be one of the biggest issues in the twenty-first century.
The reasons for this are clear. On the one hand, people are using more water than ever before. Over the last fifty years, the population of the world has more than doubled. So has the demand for water — for home use, for farming and for industry. On the other hand, supplies of clean water are disappearing. Many sources of surface water — such as rivers, lakes and streams — are too polluted and unhealthy for use as drinking water. This has forced more and more people to drill wells so they can get water from underground.
There are enormous amounts of water deep underground in lakes called aquifers. Until recently, scientists believed this groundwater was safe from pollution. Then, in 1980s, people in the Untied States began to find chemicals in their well water, and scientists took a closer look at what was happening. Weldon Spring, Missouri, for example, was the site of a bomb factory during World War Ⅱ. The factory was destroyed after the war, but poisonous chemicals remained on the ground. Very slowly, theses chemicals dripped down through the ground and into the aquifer. Once they did, however, the water from that aquifer was no longer drinkable.
It probably never will be drinkable again. Groundwater is not renewed regularly by the rain, like lake or river water. Thus, if a harmful chemical gets into an aquifer, it will stay there for a very long time. Furthermore, it is nearly impossible to remove all the water in an aquifer and clean out the pollutants.
Industrial sites like Weldon Spring are one cause of groundwater pollution. There are thousands of such sites in the Untied States alone, and many others around the world. Groundwater pollution is also caused by modem farming methods, which require the use of large amounts of chemicals in the fields. And finally, yet another important cause of groundwater pollution is waste. That includes solid waste thrown away in dumps and landfills, and also untreated human and animal waste.
The situation is indeed very serious. Fortunately, there are many aquifers and they are very large. Only a small number have been seriously damaged so far. But if the world does not want to go thirsty in the near future, further pollution must be prevented. Around the world, governments must make real changes in industry, agriculture and waste disposal.

One reason for water shortage is that ______.
A. the population has been continuously rising
B. people wash their clothes more often
C. people in Europe don’t turn off their taps
D. there is not much underground water