问题 问答题 简答题

简述范蠡(计然)经济思想。

答案

参考答案:计然是不是一个人,历来争论较大,我们仍采用较流行的观点,认为是范蠡的计然之术。范蠡他认为社会活动必须与自然界的变化相适应,因此须先知道天地之恒制,即自然规律以指导人们行动,才可以有天下之成利。指出,阴阳万物各有纪纲,顺之有德,逆之有殃。提出“知斗则修备,时用则知物。”即客观世界充满矛盾与斗争,国家与个人都必须有备,即积蓄粮食、布帛、钱币等。而要积蓄物资,必须掌握天时的变动,能掌握或利用天时的变动,就能掌握一切物质资源的情况(即时用则知物)。

他提出了著名的经济循环学说。把天道循环所引起的年岁丰歉现象与整个社会经济情况联系起来,这个理论是围绕木星的运动建立起来的。其经济循环论在贸易领域得到充分运用。提出,“水则资车,旱则资舟。”水旱车舟原则,并非简单囤积居奇,以贱买贵卖的不等价交换致富是前资本主义商人的特点,但商人达到这一目的有两种方式,一是所谓囤积居奇,一是范蠡的方法,即将某些尚未形成社会急切需要从而价格较便宜的商品,预行大量购存,待价格上涨时出售。

主张所存商品价格已贵时,应把它当作粪土一样立即抛售,在物价便宜时,应把便宜商品当作珠玉一样大胆收购,无敢居贵,不贪求过分高价,应从商品周转次数增多中增加商业利润。他认为商品价格的自发涨跌是自然规律,是天道。

问答题
阅读理解
Directions: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable heading from this list for each
paragraph of the passage. There is one extra heading.
A. Don't get too close
B. Know your boss
C. Don't stay late
D. Make your boss look good
AB. Solve your own problems
AC. Listen attentively
1.           
Learning how to deal effectively with a superior will benefit both of you. Good listening means hearing not only what the boss says but also what he or she implies. It means being able to summarize and to respond
intelligently. Forget any nervousness and concentrate on what your boss is saying. Take notes. Ask a
question or two, briefly summarize what has been said.
Remember: boss like people who don't have to be told things twice.
2.           
Nothing eats away at a manager's time - and influence - more than employees who can't solve their own
problems. Handling your own difficulties will help you develop the skills and contacts you need to work
effectively and will raise your value in your boss's eyes.
3.           
Hard work shows enthusiasm and inspires others. Put in extra hours at the beginning and not the end of
the day. You'll be fresh, not tired. Plus, coming in early says, "I'm eager to get started" while staying late
says, "I didn't get things done."
4.           
Knowing your boss should not reach the point at which you become closely involved with each other's
personal lives. You and your boss aren't equals in your organization. Being too close to your boss might
cause co - workers distrust you.
5.           
This is the heart and soul of boss management. Point out his or her strengths to others. Keep him
informed. Never offer new information in a meeting where your boss is present. Give him the facts in
advance and let him do the talking.