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简要分析回转钻进中钻柱的受力情况

答案

参考答案:

钻柱在不同的工作状态下受有不同的载荷,概括有以下几种:

(1)轴向力。在下钻过程中,由于自重的作用,整个钻柱受拉力,井口处的拉力大,越向下拉力越小。在钻进时,部分钻柱的重量施加在钻头上构成钻压(在泥浆中的重量),因此下部钻柱受压力,越往下越大,上部钻柱受拉力。

(2)弯曲力。在正常钻进中,在下部钻柱受压弯曲时,以及转盘钻进中由于离心力的作用和由于井眼倾斜使钻柱发生弯曲时,钻柱都受到弯曲力矩。而弯曲的钻杆在自转时,则产生交变弯曲应力。

(3)离心力。钻柱绕井眼轴线旋转时,产生离心力,它促使钻柱发生弯曲。

(4)扭矩。由于转盘带动钻柱,钻头旋转破碎岩石,并克服钻柱与井壁的磨擦,钻柱承受一定的扭矩,井口处钻具所受的扭矩最大,钻头处最小。

(5)纵向振动。钻进时钻头的转动引起钻柱的纵向振动,因而产生纵向拉压应力。这和钻头结构、岩石性质、钻压、转速等因素有关。当纵向振动周期和钻柱固有纵动周期相同或成倍数时,就产生共振现象,即跳钻,此时,振幅急剧增加,振动剧烈,严重的跳钻会使钻杆弯曲,磨损增快,以至迅速疲劳破坏。

(6)周向振动。由于井底及扭矩的变化,会引起钻柱的周向振动,产生交变应力。它和钻头的结构、岩石性质、钻压和钻速等因素有关。如用刮刀钻头破碎软硬交错地层时,钻柱受到剧烈的扭转振动,这种现象一般称为蹩钻,会引起钻柱迅速损坏。

(7)动载。在起、下钻中,由于钻柱运动速度的变化,会引起纵向动载,在钻柱中产生纵向瞬时交变应力,动载的大小与操作有关。

总之,在转盘钻井中,作用在钻柱上的载荷在钻柱全长上是变化的,受力严重的将在以下这些部位:

①下部钻柱受压情况严重,同时有扭矩和弯曲力的作用,在自转时有周变弯曲应力,若突然遇卡,将产生更大的扭矩。

②起、下钻时,并、口处受到最大轴向拉力,若操作过猛,会使动载井口轴向拉为增加,钻进是轴向拉力和扭矩同时作用,井口处受力最大。

此外,由于地层软硬变化,垂直冲击和振动载荷,送钻不均匀,使中和点位置上下移动,中和点附近的钻柱时而受压,时而受拉,这部分钻柱产生较大的周变应力,在此部位的钻柱折断较多,所以要配足够长度的钻挺,增加强度,并要求送钻均匀,合理使用钻柱。

阅读理解

阅读理解

      Zhou Yan, a Junior 3 students in Taiyuan, wishes he never got a mobile phone. Last week, he went to see a doctor because his arms and fingers were hurting, and he could not see very well. The doctor told

him that he had had "mobile phone disease". A growing number of teenagers are getting "mobile phone

disease" as more are buying mobile phones.

      Zhou got his mobile phone only five months ago.  His mum bought it for him to use when he got into

trouble. But Zhou used it to send messages to his friends.  He sent messages to them all the time, even after going to bed.    

      Zhou started to do badly in the exams because he was spending so much time playing with his mobile

phone. His mum got very angry with him. Zhou Yan didn't care about his mum's feeling at all. But one day, Zhou's arms started to hurt. And that is why he went to see the doctor.Yang Ling, who is from Taiyuan

Teachers College, says that if someone uses his mobile phone too much, like Zhou Yan, he might get "

mobile phone disease". If teenagers find their arms or fingers hurt, she says,they should go to see a doctor as soon as possible.

      Yang Ling suggests teenagers should try to use their mobile phones less, especially at school. They

should try to have fun in other ways, such as reading and doing sports.

1. Zhou Yan wishes he never got a mobile phone because he thinks _______          

A. it is useless to him          

B. it doesn't work well          

C. it has brought him some trouble

2. The reason why Zhou Yan didn't do well in the exams was that _______            

A. he often argued with his mother            

B. he never got help from his teacher            

C. he spent too much time on the mobile phone

3. If we say someone has "mobile phone disease" , we mean __________            

A. they catch a disease caused by mobile phones            

B. something is wrong with their mobile phones            

C. they can't live without the mobile phones

4. Yang Ling suggests that teenagers should __________            

A. go to see a doctor as often as possible            

B. use mobile phones more when they are out of school            

C. do something else for fun instead of using mobile phones too much

5. The writer wants to tell us _______ in his article.            

A. only a few teenagers have mobile phones            

B. mobile phones can help teenagers get out of trouble            

C. using mobile phones too much is bad for both study and health

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