Perhaps, every county suffered from inflation once or more times. Inflation is an economic condition in (B1) prices for consumer goods (B2) , and the (B3) of money or purchasing power decreases. There are three causes of inflation. The first and most important cause may be excessive government spending. For example, in order to (B4) a war or carry (B5) social programs, the government may spend more money than it has received through taxes and other revenues, thus creating a deficit. In order to (B6) this deficit, the Treasury Department can simply (B7) the money supply by issuing more paper money to (B8) the debts of government. This increase in the money supply will cause the value of the dollar to (B9) decrease. The second cause of inflation occurs when the money supply increases faster than the supply of goods. (B10) people have more money, they will run out to buy popular goods (B11) televisions and computers, for example, and a shortage will result. Industry will then produce more, at higher prices, to (B12) demand. (B13) , if people think that the prices of popular goods are going up, they will buy and even borrow money at high (B14) rates to pay for them. Finally, if labor unions demand that workers’ wages (B15) or (B16) the high cost of living, industry will meet this demand and add other costs of production on the (B17) . (B18) summary, all of these causes can (B19) inflationary problems that can affect the welfare of a nation. However, of these three causes, (B20) government spending may be the most important.

A．finance

B．offer

C．pay

D．fight

大家都知道，计算机的记忆能力是十分晾人的，即使是关掉电源以后，该记住的也不会忘记。这是芯片的功劳。但是，有了瓦伦的发明，电子配件也可以有计算机芯片般良好的记忆能力了。当然，现在的蜂窝式移动电话和数码摄像机等电器中已经配有非易去性芯片，但是，制造成本非常昂贵，同常规芯片相比，速度也很慢。瓦伦的芯片制造成本和平常芯片的一样低廉，速度也同样快。1998年4月，第一批新型芯片正式问世。同计算机芯片相比，电子设备上的芯片显得大多了，所以瓦伦戏称他的发明为“大象芯片”——他的发明和得奖完全是“意外之财”：他们做实验时一时疏忽，把电路上的一个晶体管烧得过热。出于好奇，他们给这个晶体管通了电，关掉电源后，晶体管内还带电。以前从未注意到硅片做的晶体管还有这个特性，即使是注意到了，肯定也只是觉得好玩而已。几周以后，在某次电子会议休会时，瓦伦提到了他实验室里好玩的事，有位同行脱口指出，那很可能会解决非易失性记忆问题!瓦伦才真意识到，好玩的东西有好大的市场潜力。

瓦伦发明的“大象芯片”，规范的称呼应该是下面中的哪一个（）

A．电子芯片

B．非易失性记忆晶体管

C．瓦伦的芯片

D．非易失性芯片