问题 问答题 简答题

碳水化合物的主要生理功能有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

(1)供给和储存能量。每克葡萄糖在体内氧化可以产生16.710(4kCal)的能量。在维持人体健康所需要的能量中,55%~65%由碳水化合物提供。糖原是肌肉和肝脏碳水化合物的储存形式,肝脏约储存机体内1/3的糖原。一旦机体需要,肝脏中的糖原即分解为葡萄糖以提供能量。碳水化合物在体内释放能量较快,供能也快,是神经系统和心肌的主要能源,也是肌肉活动时的主要燃料,对维持神经系统和心脏的正常供能,增强耐力,提高工作效率都有重要意义。

(2)构成组织及重要生命物质。碳水化合物是构成机体组织的重要物质,并参与细胞的组成和多种活动。每个细胞都有碳水化合物,其含量为2%~10%,主要以糖脂、糖蛋白和蛋白多糖的形式存在,分布在细胞膜、细胞器膜、细胞质以及细胞间基质中。糖和脂形成的糖脂是细胞与神经组织的结构成分之一。除每个细胞都有碳水化合物外,糖结合物还广泛存在于各组织中。

(3)节约蛋白质的作用。当膳食中碳水化合物供应不足时,机体为了满足自身对葡萄糖的需要,则通过糖原异生作用将蛋白质转化为葡萄糖供给能量;而当摄入足够量的碳水化合物时则能预防体内或膳食蛋白质消耗,不需要动用蛋白质来供能,即碳水化合物具有节约蛋白质作用。碳水化合物供应充足,体内有足够的ATP产生,也有利于氨基酸的主动转运。

(4)抗生酮作用。脂肪在体内分解代谢,需要葡萄糖的协同作用。当膳食中碳水化合物供应不足时,体内脂肪或食物脂肪被动员并加速分解为脂肪酸来供应能量。在这一代谢过程中,脂肪酸不能彻底氧化而产生过多的酮体,酮体不能及时被氧化而在体内蓄积,以致产生酮血症和酮尿症。膳食中充足的碳水化合物可以防止上述现象的发生,因此称为碳水化合物的抗生酮作用。

(5)解毒作用。碳水化合物经糖醛酸途径代谢生成的葡萄糖醛酸,是体内一种重要的结合解毒剂,在肝脏中能与许多有害物质如细菌毒素、酒精、砷等结合,以消除或减轻这些物质的毒性或生物活性,从而起到解毒作用。

(6)增强肠道功能。非淀粉多糖类,如纤维素、果胶、抗性淀粉、功能性低聚糖等,虽然不能在小肠消化吸收,但能刺激肠道蠕动,但可以刺激肠道蠕动,增加结肠内的发酵,发酵产生的短链脂肪酸和肠道菌群增殖,有助于正常消化和增加排便量。

选择题
单项选择题

In almost all cases the soft parts of fossils are gone for ever but they were fitted around or within the hard parts. Many of them also were attached to the hard parts and usually such attachments are visible as depressed or elevated areas, ridges, or grooves, smooth or rough patches on the hard parts. The muscles most important for the activities of the animal and most evident in the appearance of the living animal are those attached to the hard parts and possible to reconstruct from their attachments. Much can be learned about a vanished brain from the inside of the skull in which it was lodged.
Restoration of the external appearance of an extinct animal has little or no scientific value. It does not even help in inferring what the activities of the living animal were, how fast it could run, what its food was, or such other conclusions as are important for the history of life. However, what most people want to know about extinct animals is what they looked like when they were alive. Scientists also would like to know. Things like fossil shells present no great problem as a rule, because the hard parts are external when the animal is alive and the outer appearance is actually preserved in the fossils.
Animals in which the skeleton is internal present great problems of restoration, and honest restorers admit that they often have to use considerable guessing. The general shape and contours of the body are fixed by the skeleton and by muscles attached to the skeleton, but surface features, which may give the animal its really characteristic look, are seldom restorable with any real probability of accuracy. The present often helps to interpret the past. An extinct animal presumably looked more or less like its living relatives, if it has any. This, however, may be quite equivocal. For example, extinct members of the horse family are usually restored to look somewhat like the most familiar living horses — domestic horses and their closest wild relatives. It is, however, possible and even probable that many extinct horses were striped like zebras. Others probably had patterns no longer present in any living members of the family. If lions and tigers were extinct they would be restored to look exactly alike. No living elephants have much hair and mammoths, which are extinct elephants, would doubtless be restored as hairless if we did not happen to know that they had thick, woolly coats. We know this only because mammoths are so recently extinct that prehistoric men drew pictures of them and that the hide and hair have actually been found in a few specimens. For older extinct animals we have no such clues.

The muscles of a fossilized animal can sometimes be reconstructed because______.

A.(A) they were preserved with the rest of the animal

B.(B) they were lodged inside the animal’s skull

C.(C) they were hardened parts of the animal’s body

D.(D) they were attached to the animal’s skeleton