问题 问答题 简答题

试分析边际效用递减的原因。

答案

参考答案:

对边际效用递减的原因有三种解释:

(1)用生理或心理原因来解释:随着一种商品消费量增加,从同一种商品消费中得到的生理满足程度,或心理上对重复刺激的反应程度是递减的,所以边际效用递减。

(2)反证法:如果边际效用不呈递减趋势,假定消费者可免费取用商品时,则他对任何消费品的需要量都是无穷大的。而事实上,消费者对某一种商品的需要总会停止的,在停止的这一点上,消费者的总效用最大而边际效用为零。那么,在停止之前边际效用必然是递减的。

(3)配置论:一般情况下,每种物品都有几种用途,按重要性可以分出顺序。消费者随着获得该物品数量的增加,会将其逐次用到几种用途上。这说明边际效用是递减的。比如水,按重要程度顺序,依次有饮用、洗浴、洗衣、浇花等用途。水很少时,它会被用于最重要的用途如饮用。随着得到的水量增加,它会被逐次用到洗浴、洗衣、浇花等相对来说越来越不重要的用途上。这说明水的边际效用是递减的。

在以上三种解释中,第一种解释只能靠心理感受证实,缺乏客观性。第二、三种解释可以通过观察消费者行为并进行推论来证实。

阅读理解

In one way, it may be thought that failure(失败)is a part of life. In another, failure may be regarded as a step towards success.

The "spider-story" is often told as an example of this. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a hole on a hill from the English. He watched a spider(蜘蛛) making a web. Bruce is said to have got confidence from this and to have gone on to beat the English. Edison, too, the inventor of the light bulb(电灯泡) , made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.

So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it? Were you in high spir¬it then? What can you change so that things will go right the next time?

Second, is the goal(目标) you are trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question: "If I am successful in this, where will it get me?" This may help to prevent failure in the things you shouldn't be doing anyway.

The third thing to remember about failure is that it's a part of life. Learn to "live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, "You can't win them all. “

小题1:Robert Bruce was mentioned in the passage to show that        .

A.people who fail are not lonely

B.animals can help people sometimes

C.nature will help us if we are hard-working

D.confidence is important for one to be successful小题2:Edison's example shows us that        .

A.he liked to do other kinds of work

B.he invented many kinds of light bulbs

C.failure may be a way towards success

D.he was a man of many important inventions小题3:If you are not sure about what success will get you, you'd better         .

A.change your goal

B.go on with your goal

C.not care for that

D.work even harder on your goal小题4:It can be learned from the passage that        .

A.one should try not to fail

B. one's failure is another's success

C.one should take failures seriously

D.one should learn lessons from failures小题5:This passage is mainly about        .

A.two great men

B. two sides of failure

C.ways to keep away from failure

D. the right attitude(态度) towards failure

填空题

现有实验室制取气体的部分装置,请结合所学化学知识,回答有关问题:

    

A         B          C            D         E       F

(1)请写出图中标有字母的仪器名称:a         b         c       

(2)实验室用高锰酸钾制取氧气,装置A还需做的一点改动是         ,请用化学式写出该反应的表达式:                             ;若要收集一瓶较纯净的氧气应选用的收集装置是           。(填写字母编号,下同)

(3)实验室用过氧化氢溶液和二氧化锰制取氧气时,可用的发生装置是      ,请用化学式写出该反应的表达式:                 ,其中二氧化锰起           作用。

若用D装置收集氧气,试写出验满的方法(包括操作、现象、结论)                      

(4)通过查阅资料得知:硫化氢(H2S)是一种有毒气体,其密度比空气大,且能溶于水,水溶液呈酸性。实验室通常用硫化亚铁(FeS)与稀硫酸在常温下通过复分解反应制得。小芳同学在实验室制取硫化氢气体,她应选择的反应的发生装置是              ,收集装置是              

(5)实验室制取二氧化碳反应的表达式为:                             ,如图F所示,向烧杯中注入二氧化碳,下层蜡烛先熄灭,上层蜡烛后熄灭,说明二氧化碳具有的性质是                        。因此,二氧化碳可用于