问题 问答题 简答题

什么是连续发酵?为什么抗生素生产没有应用连续发酵?

答案

参考答案:

连续发酵是当微生物培养至对数生长期时,连续向发酵容器内进料,并同时连续排出含有产物的发酵液。连续发酵按级数可分为单罐连续发酵和多罐连续发酵等。连续发酵的优点很多,可以降低劳动强度,节省劳动力和节约动力消耗,提高设备利用率和增加单位时间的产量。在连续发酵中,各参数都趋于各自的恒值。微生物的基质消耗,产物的形成等各种参数都处于稳定状态。培养体系均匀,有利于自控操作。目前连续发酵已在酵母生产,啤酒发酵和溶剂发酵等生产中应用。连续发酵对设备要求很严格。对工艺控制参数要求很高。又因发酵周期长,污染机会多。菌种传代次数多,易引起菌种变异衰老造成产量下降。因此目前连续发酵尚未完全代替分批发酵,在抗生素生产中未被推广应用。

阅读理解

Somali pirates(海盗) robbed three Thai fishing ships with 77 sailors on board nearly l,200 Miles off the Somali coast,the farthest-off-shore attack to date,an officer said Tuesday.

Pirates have gone farther south and east in answer to increased patrols(巡逻)by warships off the Somali shore. The robbing of the three ships Sunday was about 600 miles outside the normal operation area for the international force,said a spokesman.

The spokesman said the attack so far out at sea was a clear sign that the international patrols against pirates were having a “marked effect on pirate activity in the area”.

“Once they start attacking that far out,you’re not even really talking about the Somali basin or areas of water that have any connection with Somalia,” said an officer,Roger Middleton.“Once you’re that far out,it's just the Indian Ocean,and it means you’re looking at trade going from the Gulf to Asia,from Asia to South Africa.”

"This is the farthest robbing to date.They are now operating near the Maldives and India,”said another officer.

The three ships--the MV Prantalay l l,12,and l 4—had 77 members on board in total.All of them are Thai, the spokesman said.Before the Sunday robbing,pirates held l l ships and 228 sailors.

Pirates have increased attacks over the past year in hopes。f catching more dollar payments. Because of increased patrols and defenses on board ships,the success rate(率)has gone down,though the number of successful attacks has stayed the same year over year.

1.The pirate attack reported in the text happened____________.

A.far out in the Indian Ocean

B.in the normal patrol area

C.near the Somali, coast

D.in the south of Africa

2.According to the text, which can best describe the situation of the pirate problems?

A.More goods on board are lost.

B.Pirate attacks happen in a larger area now.

C.The number of attacks has stayed the same these years.

D.Pirate attacks are as serious as before along the Somali coast.

3.Which is true about the warship patrols according to the text?

A.The patrols are of little effect.

B.The patrols are more difficult.

C.More patrols are quite necessary even in Asia.

D.The patrols only drive the pirates to other areas.

4.How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report?

A.228.             B.77.              C.383.             D.305.

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