问题 问答题

(1)食醋中的主要成分是醋酸(CH3COOH)、水和氯化钠.以上涉及的物质中共有______种元素.其中醋酸中碳元素与氧元素的质量比为______,1个醋酸分子中含有氢原子的个数为______,氯化钠是由阴离子和阳离子结合成的,其中阳离子符号为______.

(2)根据右侧的原子结构示意图判断,该元素的原子的核电荷数为______,

在化学反应中这种原子容易得______个电子,形成氯离子.

(3)根据下表中元素和根的化合价,写出下列物质的化学式.

元素和根的符号     Fe     O     CO3
化合价          +3    -2    -2   
氧化铁______,碳酸钠______.

(4)在描述水的组成和结构时,可以表述为:①水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的;②水是由大量的水分子构成的;③每1个水分子是由2个氢原子和1个氧原子构成的.

分析上述三句话,可以得出结论:物质的宏观组成对应的是______,物质的微观结构对应的是______.

答案

(1)醋酸(CH3COOH)是由碳、氢、氧三种元素组成的,水是由氢、氧两种元素组成的,氯化钠是否由钠、氯两种元素组成的,共涉及碳、氢、氧、钠、氯五种元素;醋酸的化学式是:CH3COOH,则醋酸中碳元素与氧元素的质量比为(12×2):(16×2)=24:32=3:4;1个醋酸分子中含有氢原子的个数为3+1=4;氯化钠是由钠离子和氯离子构成的,钠离子带正电荷,为阳离子,符号是Na+

(2)在原子结构示意图中圆圈内的数字表示质子数或核电荷数,故该元素的原子的核电荷数为17;弧线表示电子层,其上数字表示该层电子数,故最外层为7个电子,易得1个电子达8电子稳定结构,形成氯离子.

(3)根据正价在前,负价在后的书写原则,铁为+3,氧为-2,故氧化铁的化学式为Fe2O3;钠为+1,碳酸根为-2,故碳酸钠的化学为Na2CO3

(4)物质的组成是指物质的成分,用元素来描述,故选①;物质的结构用构成物质的各级粒子描述,如分子、原子等,故②③对应的是物质的微观结构.

故答案为:

(1)5;3:4;4;Na+;(2)17;1;(3)Fe2O3;Na2CO3;(4)①;②③.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Thomas Edison was a famous American scientist. He was born in 1847. When he was a child, he liked

  to find out how things worked. He was in school for only three months. He asked his teacher a lot of

  strange questions, Most of them had nothing to do with his lessons. The teacher thought the boy was

 not bright and was not worth (值) teaching. When he told this to Edison's mother, she took her son out of

  school. As she had been a teacher, she taught him herself. The boy read a lot. Soon he became very

  interested in science. At the age of ten, Edison had already built a chemistry lab (实验室) for himself.

 Ever since then, he never stopped searching (探索) for new and better ways to do things.

1. Edison was born in the _____  century ( 世纪).

    A. eighteenth    

    B. nineteenth  

    C. nineteen      

    D. eighteen      

2. While he was in school, Edison _____  .

    A. studied his lesson very hard  

    B. was often late for school

    C. liked to ask questions      

    D. was not bright and enough to study

3. Edison learned more from _____  .

    A. his mother    

    B. his teacher  

    C. other boys    

    D. his father

4. Young Edison was interested in _____  .

    A. sports    

    B. playing games  

    C. making trouble  

    D. science

5. He was always searching for new and better ways to do things after he _____  .

    A. read books                    

    B. finished school  

    C. built a lab                    

    D. was taken out of school

多项选择题