问题 问答题 简答题

简述行政授权方式?

答案

参考答案:

1)根据行政工作内容的重要性程度、上级行政主体的管理水平和下级行政主体的管理能力等综合情况,可将行政授权划分为充分授权、不充分授权、制约授权和弹性授权等方式。

充分授权,也叫一般授权,是指上级行政主体在下达任务时,允许下属自己决定行政方案,并能进行创造性工作。分为柔性授权、模糊授权、惰性授权三种情况。

不充分授权,也叫特定授权、刚性授权。上级行政领导不能负起主要责任,下级行政主体被授予的权力是有限的。

制约授权,又叫复合授权,采取复合授权方式,授权者离不开助理的协商和帮助。

弹性授权,亦称动弹授权,是指在完成同一项任务的不同阶段采用不同的授权方式。

2)根据在授权时所利用媒介的不同,行政授权又可以划分为两大类基本的方式:书面授权和口头授权。当然,随着时代发展和科技进步,行政授权所使用的信息传递介质也在不断发生变化。

3)根据授权的合法程度和规范化、程序化的程度,行政授权还可以划分为两种类型:正式授权和非正式授权。

正式授权,是指下属行政人员根据其合法地位获得相应职权的过程。

非正式授权,是指在工作过程中,下属工作人员厌恶正式程序,或不愿意遵守规定的程序,甚至抵制正式的授权。

单项选择题

For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never ending flood of words. In (1) a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend (2) can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are (3) readers. Most of us develop poor reading (4) at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency (5) in the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have (6) meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. (7) , however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time, often regressing to (8) words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over (9) you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which (10) down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as (11) reads.
To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics use a device called an (12) , which moves a bar(or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate (13) the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, (14) word by word reading, regression and subvocalization practically impossible. At first (15) is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, (16) your comprehension will improve. Many people have found (17) reading skill drastically improved after some training. (18) Charlie Au, a business manager, for instance. His reading rate was a reasonably good 172words a minute (19) the training; now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can (20) a lot more reading material in a short period of time.

A.our
B.your
C.their
D.other

填空题