问题 名词解释

大汶口文化

答案

参考答案:

大汶口文化(公元前4300年-前2500年)是新石器时代后期父系氏族社会的典型文化形态。以泰山地区为中心,东起黄海之滨,西到鲁西平原东部,北至渤海南岸,南及今江苏淮北一带,安徽和河南省也有少部分这类遗存的发现。因首先发现于大汶口,人们遂把以大汶口遗址为代表的文化遗存,命名为“大汶口文化”。大汶口文化的发现,使黄河下游原始文化的历史,由4000多年前的龙山文化向前推进了2000多年。在大汶口文化的后期墓葬中,出现了夫妻合葬和夫妻带小孩的合葬,它标志着只知其母不知其父的母系社会的结束,开始或已经进入了父系氏族社会。

大汶口文化的年代大约在公元前4040—前2240年,延续时间约2000年左右。根据地层叠压关系和遗物特征,可以区分为早、中、晚3期。有泥质、加砂陶,早期以红陶为主,晚期灰、黑比例上升,并出现白陶、蛋壳陶。手制为主,晚期发展为轮制陶器,烧成温度900—1000℃。器型有鼎、鬶、盉、豆、尊、单耳杯、觚形杯、高领罐、背水壶等。许多陶器表面膜光,纹饰有划纹、弦纹、篮纹、圆圈纹、三角印纹、镂孔等。彩陶较少但富有特色,彩色有红、黑、白三种,纹样有圈点、几何、花叶等。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.

Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.

Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaff’irms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.

The perspective from which the author discusses social control is ().

A. biological

B. sociological

C. psychological

D. anthropological