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简述山西应县释迦塔的造型特征及结构技术成就

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造型特征:释迦塔内部高九层,其中四个暗层,所以外部看来只有五层,再加重檐共六层。第一层柱高和第二、三、四层包括柱、斗拱、屋檐、和上层平座四个部分的总高都相等,在立面上形成有规则的韵律。各层屋檐按照总体轮廓所需以华栱和下昂进行调整,形成优美的总体轮廓并丰富了檐下造型。最下一层绕以副阶周匝,加强塔的稳定感。塔的总高恰等于中间层外围柱头内接圆的周长,也是塔设计时的重要比例数字。结构技术成就:柱网和构件组合采用内外槽制度,内槽供佛,外槽供人活动;结构上,外槽和屋顶使用明栿和草栿两套构架;这种双层套筒室平面和结构,不仅扩大了空间,而且大大增强了塔的刚度。塔内部有暗层,作为容纳平作和屋檐的空间;各层上下柱不贯通,采用“插柱造”,每层外柱与其平座层柱都比下层外柱推入约半个柱径,并向中心略有倾斜,不仅形成各层向内递收的轮廓,也符合力学特性。

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When I met him,I had a lot of anger inside me. I’ve lived my whole life in Spanish Harlem, but in my neighborhood,there are shoot-ups all the time. I know kids who have been shot or beaten up. I have friends who ended up in prison. I could have ended up that way,too,but Mr. Clark wouldn’t let that happen.

Mr. Clark worked long hours,making sure I did my work. My grades rose. In fact,the scores of our whole class rose. One day,he took our class to see The Phantom of the Opera,and it was the first time some kids had ever been out of Harlem. Before the show,he treated us to dinner at a restaurant and taught us not to talk with our mouths full. We did not want to let him down.

Mr. Clark was selected as Disney’s 2000 Teacher of the Year. He said he would draw three names out of a hat;those students would go with him to Los Angles to get the award. But when the time came to draw names,Mr. Clark said,“You’re all going.”

On graduation day,there were a lot of tears. We didn’t want his class to end. In 2001,he moved to Atlanta, but he always kept in touch. He started giving lectures about education,and wrote a bestsell -ing book based on his classroom rules,The Essential 55. In 2003,Mr. Clark took some of us on a trip to South Africa to deliver school supplies and visit orphanages(孤儿院). It was the most amazing experience of my life. It’s now my dream to one day start a group of women’s clubs, helping people from all backgrounds.

小题1:Without Mr. Clark,the writer _________.

A.might have put into prison

B.might not have won the prize

C.might have joined a women’s club

D.might not have moved to Atlanta小题2:The Essential 55 is ___________.

A.a show

B.a speech

C.a classroom rule

D.a book小题3:How many students’ names were finally drawn out of a hat by Mr. Clark?

A.None

B.Three

C.Fifty-five

D.All小题4:In the passage, the writer intends to tell us that ___________.

A.Mr. Clark went to South Africa because he liked traveling

B.Mr. Clark helped to set up a group of women’s clubs

C.a good teacher can raise his or her students’ score

D.a good teacher has a good influence on his or her students小题5:What is the writer’s attitude towards Mr. Clark?

A.He speaks highly of Mr. Clark.

B.He looks down upon Mr. Clark.

C.He doesn’t show his attitude towards Mr. Clark.

D.He takes a neutral(中立的) attitude towards Mr. Clark.