参考答案：

（1） Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”;

（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’s wealth.

（3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it .  The working men worked and lived in an appalling condition.

（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat,  and it later led to trade unionism.