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评述雅典“宪法”的民主性。

答案

参考答案:

(1)雅典“宪法”的民主性:雅典“宪法”的民主性开始形成较早,到公元前5—4世纪进入最发达时期。这种民主性表现如下:

①形式上允许一切雅典公民参与国家的日常活动。公民都享有各种政治权利,有资格被选担任国家的各种官职,享有接受荣誉的权利,特别是通过民众大会这个国家最高权力机关。每个公民均可参与内政、外交、立法以及其他各项重要活动。

②大多数国家公职人员都是选举产生,而且集体职务多于个人职务。例如,作为国家最高管理机关的议事会是由500名成员组成,他们是按每个选区出50名的数额,从年满30岁的公民中用抽签办法产生。

③雅典公民能够通过各种制度或措施来直接捍卫民主制度,免遭来自反民主势力的破坏和攻击。比较重要的措施有实施贝壳放逐法和进行不法申诉制度。

(2)雅典“宪法,,的局限性:

①雅典民主制实际上局限于一个狭小的范围内。虽然雅典公民在形式上都享有平等的权利,但公民在当时人口总数中仅占极少数,约为l/20。

②参加民众大会的雅典公民虽然可以得到一定数额的津贴,但是要求农民和手工业者前往雅典城郊广场去开大会,仍有不少困难。根据统计,能够经常参加民众大会及其他会议的只有2000至3000人。

③公职人员尽管是选举产生,但担任所有公职均需具备一定条件,如年龄、财产资格、是否欠国家的债务等等,当选的公职人员,都要接受一次特别的审查。

④民众大会虽然是雅典国家的最高 * * 机关,但统治集团为了使国家的整个活动,按照本阶级的意图来进行运转。他们利用各种手段,采取多种措施来限制民众大会作用的充分发挥,牵制民众大会的权力。总之,雅典“宪法”的民主是少数奴隶主阶级的民主,具有明显的局限性。

阅读理解

阅读理解

       You have been working hard to learn English. Do you know American kids are trying to learn

Chinese? More than 60,000 American students now study Chinese.

      “Because of China's fast development, Chinese has become more useful, and more and more

Americans begin to learn it," said Scott McGinnis, a Washington language expert (专家).

       For example, in 1999, only three schools in Chicago had Chinese lessons. This year more than

30 schools there have Chinese during school days. Last year China gave them 3,000 textbooks

because they had done a good job.

      Although Chinese is becoming more and more popular, it is one of the most difficult languages to

learn. Usually, an English speaker takes about 1,320 hours to become good at Chinese. He needs

only 480 hours for French, Spanish or Italian.

1. According to Scott McGinnis, more and more Americans begin to learn Chinese  _____.  

A. because of China's fast development  

B. because of China's interesting culture  

C. because they have more free time

D. because Chinese is easy to learn    

2. This year, _____ schools in Chicago give students Chinese lessons.

A. only three         

B. thirteen

C. over thirty      

D. less than thirty  

3.The students at those schools in Chicago take Chinese lessons   _____.

A. after school

B. at weekends    

C. on school nights    

D. on school days

4. Last year China gave _____  textbooks to those schools in Chicago.

A. thirty      

B. three hundred

C. three thousand      

D. thirty thousand

5. From the last two sentences we know that  _____.

A. Chinese is easier to learn than French, Spanish or Italian

B. Chinese is more difficult to learn than French, Spanish or Italian  

C. English speakers like to learn French, Spanish or Italian more than Chinese

D. English speakers like to learn Chinese more than French, Spanish or Italian

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