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简述易腐货物的冷藏原理。

答案

参考答案:

动物性食品腐败的主要原因是微生物作用,植物性食品腐败的主要原因是呼吸作用。

呼吸作用和微生物活动都与温度有关。因此,我们只要利用温度这一因素,就可能既控制呼吸作用,又能控制微生物的活动。因为,对呼吸作用来说,温度降低能使酶的活动减弱,呼吸也就随之减弱,食品成分的分解也就减慢,提高了食品的耐葳性,使果蔬长时间保持新鲜。对微生物活动来说,温度降低使微生物细胞的原生质收缩发生“质壁分离”,同时细胞壁的类脂质变硬,减弱了渗透能力,从而减弱了微生物的生活和繁殖能力,如温度进一步降低,则会使微生物停止繁殖并逐渐死亡。这样,降低了微生物的活动,也就相当于提高了食品的抵抗能力,使食品长期不致腐败。

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     Whether in the workplace or on the football field, effective teamwork can produce amazing results.

However, working successfully as a team is not as easy as it may seem.Effective teamwork certainly

does not just happen automatically; it takes a great deal of hard work and compromise.There are a

number of factors that must be in place to make a good team.

     Effective leadership is one of the most important components of good teamwork.The team's leader

should possess the skills to create and preserve a positive working environment and motivate and inspire

the team members to take a positive approach to work and be highly committed.An effective team leader will promote a high level of spirit and make them feel supported and valued.

Communication is a vital factor of all interpersonal relationship and especially that of a team.Team

members must be able to articulate their feelings, express plans and goals, share ideas and see each

other's opinions.·

    Conflicts will arise no matter how well a team functions together.The best way to deal with conflicts is

to have some organized methods of handling conflicts.Team members should be able to voice their

concerns without fear of offending others.Instead of avoiding conflict issues, a handson approach that

settles them quickly is much better.It is often advised that the team leader sit with the conflicting parties

and help work out their differences without taking sides and trying to remain objective if possible.

The team leader must set a good example to create good teamwork.In order to keep team members

positive and committed and motivated, the team leader herself/himself needs to show these qualities.The

team turns to the leader for support and guidance.So any negative words or behaviors on the leader's

part can be disastrous.

    Regardless of what type of work you are in, knowing how to effectively work on with a team is going

to be extremely important to your success and that of your team.

1. Effective leadership is important partly because ________.

A. it helps a leader to develop lots of skills      

B. it makes a leader feel supported and valued

C. it creates a positive working environment      

D. it depends on interpersonal relationship of a team

2. The underlined word "articulate" probably means ________.

A. hide  

B. feel  

C. express  

D. plan

3. When conflicts arise among team members, the team leader should ________.

A. worry about the team members          

B. ignore the team members' voices

C. try to avoid conflict issues  

D. work out their differences

4. To become a good team leader, you have to ________.

A. be positive and committed        

B. set up a good team

C. look for support from the team    

D. avoid natural disasters

5. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Football and Teamwork

B. What Makes Effective Teamwork

C. Handle Conflict in a Team

D. Communication and Teamwork

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