问题 单项选择题 A1/A2型题

一名21个月的幼儿,每晚当父母将他放在床上离去时就大哭大闹,孩子父母不得不在孩子睡觉前陪伴他1~2小时,直到他安然入睡后才能离去。后在心理学家指导下,孩子父母还像平常那样把他放到床上,告诉他,让他自己睡觉,父母不再进屋,旋即离去,不理睬他的哭闹,这样到第10个晚上后,该幼儿哭闹行为就完全消失了。此案例中所使用的行为矫正方法是()。

A.正强化

B.负强化

C.正惩罚

D.负惩罚

E.消退

答案

参考答案:E

解析:

正强化:当环境中某种刺激增加而行为反应出现的概率也增加,这种刺激的增加为正强化。负强化:当环境中某种刺激减少而行为反应出现的概率却增加,这种刺激的减少为负强化。正惩罚:一个具体的行为发生了,这个行为之后立刻跟随着一个刺激物的出现,而且,作为结果,将来这个行为不太可能再次发生。负惩罚:一个具体的行为发生了,这个行为之后立刻跟随着一个刺激物的消除,而且,作为结果,将来这个行为不太可能再次发生。消退:在特定情境中,个体产生了以前被强化的行为,但此时这个反应之后并不跟随通常的强化,那么当他下一次遇到相似情境时,该行为发生的概率就会降低。强化与惩罚的区别:强化使将来行为被加强;惩罚使将来行为被削弱。消退与惩罚的区别:①消退是“没有结果”,即无强化物的出现,不涉及结果的去除或呈现;惩罚是反应之后随之发生厌恶事件的呈现或积极刺激的撤离;②消退是强化物的始终缺席,强化结果与行为之间的关系被破解,不涉及“先有后无再有”的现象,负惩罚是个体正在享用强化物,当出现问题行为时,暂时或始终部分丧失强化物,强化结果和行为之间的关系没有改变。故正确答案为E。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Prana was a beautiful dog, whose name means  "breath  of life". Although he died several years ago, I

can still remember the days we spent together and what he has taught me about love.

     I have two apple trees in the garden. Prana loved apples.  When he went outside, he'd catch an apple

and take it into the house to eat later.  The apples had been on the ground and were often dirty so I

wasn't always happy that Prana had brought them into the house.

     It was an autumn day in America, but it was very cold  A big snow fell and we had not done anything

for its coming.  On  that  special   day,   Prana  went  outside and I watched  him through the window.  I

noticed that he was madly digging (挖) holes and bringing the apples to the ground so they could be seen

above the snow. I did not know why he was doing this. He seemed to want to do something special.       .

     When I called him back, he had his usual  one  apple  in  his mouth. About five minutes later, I looked

outside.  The garden was completely covered with birds.  Prana  had  dug up all those apples for his bird

friends to eat. He knew that they wouldn't have stored enough food for the coming winter!

1. Prana was__________.                      

A. the writer                

B. a boy

C. a bird                    

D. a dog

2. I wasn't always happy because_________.

A. Prana loved apples

B. Prana caught an apple and ate it

C. `the apples fell on the ground and were dirty

D. Prana brought the dirty apples into the house            

3. On the snowy day, Prana ___________.

A. ate up all the apples

B. dug holes to put the apples in them

C. brought the apples under the snow to the ground

D. left the house and died

4. The birds flew to the garden to ____________.

A. look for Prana

B. eat the apples

C. make new homes

D. store food for the winter

5. The topic of the story is about ___________.        

A. apples              

B. animals

C. love                

D.life

判断题