问题 问答题 简答题

细菌性痢疾概述

答案

参考答案:

1.概念细菌性痢疾简称菌痢,一般特指志贺菌属(又称痢疾杆菌)引起的肠道传染病,又称志贺菌病。本病是夏秋季常见肠道传染病,其主要临床表现是腹痛、腹泻、里急后重和黏液脓血便,可伴有发热及全身毒血症症状,严重者有感染性休克和(或)中毒性呐病。

2.病原学痢疾杆菌属肠杆菌科志贺菌属,为革兰阴性的无鞭毛杆菌,有志贺志贺菌(A群)、福氏志贺菌(B群)、鲍氏志贺菌(C群)和宋内志贺菌(D群)。我国多数地区多年来一直是B群福氏菌为主要流行菌群,其次为D群宋内菌且有不断上升之趋势。各型痢疾杆菌均产生内毒素,是引起全身毒血症的主要因素;痢疾志贺菌还产生外毒素(志贺毒素),具有神经毒、细胞毒和肠毒素作用,而引起更严重的临床表现。痢疾杆菌在外界环境中生存力较强,在瓜果、蔬菜及污染物上可生存1~2周,但对理化因素的抵抗力较其他肠杆菌科细菌弱,对各种化学消毒剂均很敏感。

3.流行病学(1)传染源为菌痢患者及带菌者。(2)传播途径通过消化道传播。(3)易感性人群普遍易感,病后可获得一定的免疫力,但短暂而不稳定,且不同菌群及血清型之间无交叉免疫,但有交叉抗药性,故易复发和重复感染。(4)流行特征本病全年均可发生,夏秋季多发。发病年龄以儿童发病率最高,其次为中青年。

4.病理菌痢的肠道病变主要在结肠,以乙状结肠和直肠病变最显著。肠黏膜的基本病变,急性期是弥漫性纤维蛋白渗出性炎症,此病变一般仅限于固有层,故很少引起肠穿孔及大量肠出血。慢性期则有肠黏膜水肿及肠壁增厚,并导致肠腔狭窄。中毒型则结肠局部病变很轻,但全身病变重。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Yasuda is 95 years old. He and his colleagues, looking for easier ways to search the Web and send

e-mail, represent a potential market for Apple (AAPL)'s iPad. The company has sold 3.27 million iPads

since its launch in April, but doesn't break down sales figures by customer age, making it impossible to

know with certainty how many old people are buying them. However, evidence suggests it's popular

with the old.The iPad's intuitive interface (直观界面) makes it attractive to old citizens around the world,

says Takahiro Miura, a researcher at the University of Tokyo: "The iPad is a good tool for the elderly

because it's very forgiving of mistakes." Miura's team uses computers to help train senior citizens to rejoin

the workforce. "Unlike the PC, it doesn't require previous(先前的) knowledge," he says.

     James Cordwell, a technology analyst at Atlantic-Equities in London, says the iPad's popularity with

the elderly is helping Apple reach beyond its traditional base of younger customer. "The world's

population, especially in developed markets, is getting older, and it's probably a market where Apple has

least entered," Cordwell says. Elderly users are "a key source of growth for them in the future."

     The elderly in Japan, who make up an estimated 22 percent of the population, may prove particularly

quick to accept the iPad. They spend more than any other group in the country except for those under 30, according to a report by Japan's Cabinet Office. Motoo Kitamura, 78, a former gas salesman, bought an

iPad to help him communicate with his 2-year-old grandson and prevent against dementia(痴呆). "Trying

new things like that is a good mental exercise," he says.

1. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. The iPad was only intended for elderly people.

B. The use of iPad requires previous knowledge.

C. The use of iPad is mentally useful to the old.

D. Only the elderly in Japan can use iPad.

2. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?

A. The old get a bit strike from the iPad.    

B. The iPad causes a heavy burden to the old.

C. The iPad is accepted by the old.          

D. The old are very familiar with the iPad.

3. Which of the following is NOT the advantage of the iPad over the PC?

A. It has intuitive interface.          

B. It is easier to operate.

C. It is more accessible to beginners.      

D. It is a good mental exercise.

4. What can we learn from the passage?

A. The old are the largest consumers in Japan.

B. The iPad is traditionally accepted by the young.

C. The old in Japan are fond of latest hi-tech products.

D. The old customers will soon replace the younger ones.

5. What could be the best title for the passage?

A. The iPad Leads Apple to the Elderly

B. Ipad Hits Japan's Store Shelves

C. Ipad's Arrival in Tokyo Causes Japanese to Excite

D. AAPL Tries to Balance the Old and the Yong

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