下列中外改革，使社会性质发生根本变化的有( )
①商鞅变法 ②王安石变法 ③北魏孝文帝改革 ④穆罕默德•阿里改革 ⑤日本明治维新
A．①②③④⑤
B．①②③④
C．②④⑤
D．①③⑤
答案：D
题目分析：①使秦国确立了封建制度，③推动北方少数民族封建化，⑤使日本走上了资本主义道路，因此符合题意。②④都没有改变旧的封建制度，属于封建社会内部的局部改革，答案为D。
点评：历史发展的多样性。大致可分为两大类型：①本社会内部调整统治政策、富国强兵的改革，如王安石变法。②促进新旧社会制度转变的改革，如梭伦改革、商鞅变法、北魏孝文帝改革、欧洲宗教改革、明治维新等等。其实质来看，均体现出生产关系必须适应生产力发展的规律。
| 阅读理解。 |
| Can you really travel around the world for free? Li Jun, a 17-year-old girl from Shenzhen Foreign Language School, still can't believe her 10-day free training (训练) camp in the Alps in Switzerland last month was true! But how did she achieve this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity? Last October, a piece of short world news in a newspaper—"Have a chance to see the world, for free", caught her eyes. When she asked her friends if the story was real, they laughed at her, for they thought she was day-dreaming. However, Li decided to apply (申请) online the following weekend. "Opportunity is everywhere. I'd like to keep my eyes open and catch the chance." she told herself. What happened next was tests on health, hobbies and awareness (意识) of environmental protection. She passed all of them very easily. On December 14, Li Jun surprised her friends with an invitation letter from the program, the Pangaea Young Explorer Selection Camp set up by South African explorer Mike Horn. On January 11, Li left for Switzerland, with several newly bought ski-suits in her suitcase. Over the next week, she and 15 other teenagers from around the world took part in exciting training and lessons. They took day-trips up the Alps to an altitude (纬度) of 3,200 meters, went sledging (滑雪橇) at night using modern equipment. They were also encouraged to complete difficult journeys up mountains, down hills, and through forests. Because of her performance during the training, Li was chosen as one of the eight young explorers to join Mike Horn in the South Island of New Zealand in May. She will write for the newspaper and share her fun experiences there with readers. |
| 1. How did Li Jun's friends feel when Li told them the news? |
[ ] |
| A. They were surprised. B. They didn't think it was true. C. They all wanted to get the chance. D. They had no idea of the news. |
| 2. Why did Li decide to apply on the Internet? |
[ ] |
| A. She didn't want to lose the chance. B. Her friends encouraged her to do that. C. She received an invitation letter from the program. D. She wanted to tell her classmates that they were wrong. |
| 3. How long did Li receive training in Switzerland? |
[ ] |
| A. About 28 days B. About six months C. About four months D. Ten days |
| 4. What is the correct order of the story? |
[ ] |
| a. Li got an invitation letter from the program and was trained. b. Li read news about seeing the world for free. c. Li became one explorer in Mike Horn's team. d. Li applied and passed the tests. A. b-c-a-d B. b-a-d-c C. c-d-a-b D. b-d-a-c |
| 5. What kind of girl is Li Jun? |
[ ] |
| A. A girl who likes taking adventure B. A girl who doesn't believe her friends C. A girl who likes talking to her friends about everything D. A girl who likes day-dreaming |