问题 问答题 简答题

试论述技术结构的演化机理

答案

参考答案:

技术结构的演化是一个比较复杂的过程,其中交织着各种矛盾,正是这些矛盾的存在和发展,形成了技术结构的演化机理。

1、技术活动要素与技术结构的矛盾,决定了技术结构的转变。在古代的农业和手工业的个体生产方式中,经验型技术结构与其要素是互相匹配的,它们之间处于相对平衡的稳定状态。近代工业技术革命中出现的新型的实体技术要素打破了原来的和谐局面,导致了技术结构由经验型向实体性的演化,奠定了近代社会的技术基础。在这个过程中,新出现的技术要素——机器起了主导作用。

2、技术结构与社会的物质技术基础之间的矛盾,决定了主体技术结构的异位。在主体技术结构异位的过程中,新的技术结构与原有的社会技术基础的矛盾起着制约作用,同孕育它的技术基础之间发生了深刻的矛盾,原有的技术基础不能满足新型技术结构的需要,从而要求建立起与自己相适应的技术基础,以保证自身的生存。

3、社会的物质技术基础与经济基础的矛盾,影响到主体技术结构异位的时机和速度。

首先,社会的物质技术基础与经济基础的矛盾,影响到主体技术结构异位的时机。

其次,技术基础与经济基础之间的矛盾还影响到主体技术结构异位的速度。

多项选择题
单项选择题

Jeanne Calment, a French woman, became a record breaker on 17 October of 1995, when at the age of 120 years and 238 days , she became the longest-lived human being on record. A Japanese man died in 1986 at the age of 120 years and 237 days.

Jeanne Calment lives in a small old people’s home in the south of France; her husband, her only child and her grandson have all died. She is nearly blind and deaf and she is always in a wheelchair, but her doctor describes her as being more like a 90-year-old in good health than someone of 120. She still has a lively sense of humor. When asked on her 120th birthday what she expected of the future, she replied: A very short one. She also remarked that she thought the good Lord had forgotten all about her.

So what is the key to a long life According to some doctors, diet, exercise and no smoking are the three important factors. Jeanne Calment has followed two of the tips. She has always eaten a healthy diet, and she used to do exercises every day until she broke her leg at the age of 115. However, until recently she drank two glassed of p red wine a day, and she does smoke (now only a little). Besides, Jeanne Calment might have got very good genes from her parents. Her father lived to the age of 94 and her mother to 86.

A local lawyer bought her house when she was 80 under an agreement that he would pay her some money every year until her death. It must have seemed a good move at the time, but so far the lawyer has paid her at least three times the value of the house. Every year on her birthday Jeanne Calment sends him a card saying: Sorry, I’m still alive !

Why does Jeanne Calment say "Sorry, I’m still alive" to the local lawyer every year on her birthday()

A. Because she had an agreement at 80 with the lawyer which was to her advantage.

B. Because she has asked the lawyer to pay her more rent than they first agreed.

C. Because the lawyer has paid her much more money than the value of the house.

D. Because the house she sold to the lawyer isn’t worth the money he has already paid.