问题 问答题 简答题

试述高温层压力与熟料特征及质量?

答案

参考答案:

立窑煅烧水泥熟料,因其工艺的局限,难免有窑内通风、热强度和物料下沉不均匀的现象存在,这些对熟料质量提高有一定影响。这些现象的存在和立窑高温层各部位受力大小和耐压性不同,从而造成整个窑面不均匀。由于窑面压力不均匀,这样就造成同一时间烧出的熟料的外观结构、物料组成和熟料强度的差异。物料在下移过程中,窑壁与边部物料之间产生擦滞留作用,边部料球产生微小相对运动,使边部阻力小,空气向上流动速度也大于中部,形成边部与中部压力的差距。高温层物料在高温阶段由于液相出现,使物料自身发生熔融软化,各部位承受压力不均匀,物料变形结大块,料层间也不一致,因此,熟料的外观特征也不一致,立窑烧成熟料大致可分为黑色结块料、死烧黑褐色致密块料、棕灰含白色的致密块料、灰黑色葡萄串状、单粒子等。

“黑色结块料”大部分是在二肋或外二肋处形成,居二肋和外二肋的物料,虽受压力大,但因步于空气富集的旺盛区,空气量充足,烧成温度高液相充足,因此形成黑色结块料状,A矿含量高,强度高。

“死烧致密块料”在湿料层过厚,在高温层的二肋处因受到较大的垂直压力和向心压力,使软化物料挤压成死大块,加上这个部位通风稍差,因此形成“死烧致密块料”,此种熟料空隙很少,呈黑棕色此种熟料A矿量仍较高,熟料强度比烧结料次之。

“灰黑色葡萄串状料”,是在立窑通风较盛,底火较浅的边部生成。其强度比上两种茶。

“棕灰含白色的致密块料”,在立窑的中心部位生成,承受上层物料压力和向心压力最大,均压成石块状的大块料,这样造成通风不良,使物料在缺氧的情况下产生还原气氛,从而降低了熟料质量,这种熟料在常见的四种熟料中,强度最低,f-CaO也高,安定性不良。

阅读理解

阅读理解.

     A new study in West Africa shows how farm irrigation systems powered by the sun can

produce more food and money for villagers.The study in Benin found that solarpowered pumps

are effective in supplying water,especially during the long dry season.

     SubSaharan Africa is the part of the world with the least food security.The United Nations

Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that more than one billion of the world's people

faced hunger last year.Around 265 million of them live south of the Sahara Desert.Lack of

rainfall is one of their main causes of food shortages.

     Jennifer Burney from Stanford University in California led the study.The research team

helped build three solarpowered drip irrigation (滴灌) systems in northern Benin.Between

30 and 35 women used each system to pump water from the ground or a stream.Each

woman was responsible for farming her own 120 square meters of land.They also farmed

other land collectively.

     The solarpowered irrigation systems produced an average of nearly two tons of vegetables

per month.During the first year,the women kept a monthly average of almost nine kilograms

of vegetables for home use.They sold the surplus produce at local markets.The earnings

greatly increased their ability to buy food during the dry season which can last six to nine

months.People in the two villages with the systems were able to eat three to five more

servings of vegetables per day.But making the surplus available at markets also had a wider

effect.

     The study compared the villages with two others where women farmed with traditional

methods like carrying water in buckets.The amount of vegetables eaten in those villages also

increased,though not as much.The researchers note that only four percent of the cropland in

SubSaharan Africa is irrigated.Using solar power to pump water has higher costs at first.But

the study says it can be more economical in the long term than using fuels like gasoline,diesel

or kerosene.And solar power is environmentally friendly.

1.Food security in SubSaharan Africa is insufficient mainly because of________.

A.lack of rainfall

B.limitation of farmland

C.a small crop variety

D.little sunlight

2.From the third paragraph we know that________.

A.water is wasted by using the system

B.the farmers irrigate the land together

C.all farmers use irrigation systems in northern Benin

D.the solarpowered systems take up more manpower

3.The underlined word "surplus" in the 4th paragraph most probably means________.

A.special

B.unnecessary

C.extra

D.abandoned

4.Using solar power to pump water has advantages EXCEPT that________.

A.solar energy has higher cost at first

B.solar power helps to protect environment

C.solar power helps farmers increase earnings

D.solar energy can be more economical in the long run

5.What can be the best title for the text?

A.Manpower affects rainfall in Africa

B.Irrigation by carrying water in buckets

C.Solarpowered pumps aid African farmers

D.Vegetable supply increased in African villages

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