问题 问答题 简答题

试述科学问题的特征、结构、分类、来源?

答案

参考答案:

特征:

(1)时代性:任何科学问题的产生都是时代的产物,同一问题不同时代简答深度不同。

(2)真正的科学问题在当时的一系列条件下可解答。

结构:

(1)问题域。所提问题属于哪个领域的问题。

(2)求解目标。所提问题对研究对象的认识程度是什么,为什么,怎么样。

(3)应答域。解决问题所用学科知识。

分类:

(1)基础研究与应用研究;

(2)一般性问题与关键性问题。

(3)常规问题和反常规问题。

来源:

(1)科学理论与实践之间的矛盾。理论产生后具有保守性和收敛性,但人类活动是不停息的,若人们在实践中发现某种事实与理论不相符,就必须提出科学问题。

(2)理论自身的矛盾。如果某种理论通过人们分析可推导出两种相反的结论,且每种结论都可用事实证明,说明原有理论有缺陷,对其弥补即可提出科学问题。

(3)各种理论之间的争鸣与讨论。对同一种研究对象,研究者知识结构、研究手段、研究方法不同,可提出不同结论。

(4)社会需要与技术手段的矛盾。

单项选择题

Young girls at high risk for depression appear to have a malfunctioning reward system in their brains, a new study suggests. The finding comes from research that (1) a high-risk group of 13 girls, aged 10 to 14, who were not depressed but had mothers who (2) recurrent depression and a low-risk group of 13 girls with no (3) or family history of depression. Both groups were given MRI brain (4) while completing a task that could (5) either reward or punishment.

(6) with girls in the low-risk group, those in the high-risk group had (7) neural responses during both anticipation and receipt of the reward. (8) , the high-risk girls showed no (9) in an area of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulated cortex (背侧前扣带皮质), believed to play a role in (10) past experiences to assist learning.

The high-risk girls did have greater activation of this brain area (11) receiving punishment, compared with the other girls. The researchers said that this suggests that high-risk girls have easier time (12) information about loss and punishment than information about reward and pleasure.

"Considered together with reduced activation in the striatal (纹状体的) areas commonly observed (13) reward, it seems that the reward-processing system is critically (14) in daughters who are at elevated risk for depression, (15) they have not yet experienced a depressive (16) ," wrote Ian H. Gotlib, of Stanford University, and his colleagues. " (17) , longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the anomalous activations (18) in this study during the processing of (19) and losses are associated with the (20) onset of depression," they concluded. The study was published in the April of the Archives of General Psychiatry.

17()

A.Clearly

B.Skeptically

C.Nonetheless

D.However

判断题