问题 问答题 简答题

市场失灵的主要原因是什么?

答案

参考答案:

1.公 * * 品

严格意义上的公共物品具有非竞争性和非排他性。非排他性是指一个人对公共物品的享用并不影响另一个人的享用,非竞争性是指消费者的增加不会引起生产成本的增加。例如国防就是公共物品,人们也无需花钱就能享用这种安全。

2.垄断

市场某种程度的(如寡头)和完全的垄断可能使得资源的配置缺乏效率。

3.外部性

即溢出效应,是企业向市场之外的其他人所强加的成本及效益,分为正外部性和负外部性。例如,建在河边的工厂排出的废水污染了河流对他人造成损害。工厂排废水是为了生产产品赚钱,工厂同购买它的产品的顾客之间的关系是金钱交换关系,但工厂由此造成的对他人的损害却可能无需向他人支付任何赔偿费。这种影响就是工厂生产的外部影响。当这种影响对他人有害时,就称之为负外部性。当这种影响对他人有益时就称之为正外部性。比如你摆在阳台上的鲜花可能给路过这里的人带来外部经济。

4.信息不对称

由于经济活动的参与人具有的信息是不同的,一些人可以利用信息优势进行欺诈,这会损害正当的交易。当人们对欺诈的担心严重影响交易活动时,市场的正常作用就会丧失,市场配置资源的功能也就失灵了。

选择题
阅读理解

第三部分:阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分,满分40分)

阅读下列短文,从每篇短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

The fog was so thick that I couldn't see the man next to me. We were led down a road to the base of a hill. An officer, unknown to us, explained that the command wanted us to spread out on the road and fix bayonets(刺刀).When the signal was given, we were to creep up the hill and take the enemy by surprise with a bayonet attack.

I didn't think too much of the idea and about a dozen fellows agreed with me, but we lost in the vote. Some others didn't have bayonets and declared that the orders didn't apply to them, but their idea, too, was denied.

Up the hill we went, feeling our way along the ground with our feet. Step by step we advanced. It seemed like an ugly dream, but I knew it was all too real. I looked to my right and to my left to find any sign of my fellows. Much to my surprise, I could make out unclear forms on each side of me. I could hear whispers all along the line and louder orders to shut up!

While we were standing around arguing, the fog suddenly disappeared, just like somebody waved a magic wand(杖).We were caught out in the open with no cover in sight. The Chinese had been caught by surprise. Both sides just stared at each other, not knowing what was going on. A single shot rang out and somebody blew a whistle and shouted "Retreat"(撤退).We rushed out at full speed down the hill.

I don't speak or understand Chinese, but from behind us I could understand joyful laughter!

61.The action that the author and his fellows were supposed to take was______ .

A. To creep up the hill                      B. To vote on how to advance

C. To fix their bayonets                                                                  D. To attack their enemy

62.The dozen fellows thought the action was _______ .

A. basically practical    B. great fun                C. not a good one        D. an ugly dream

63.They go up the hill __________ .

A. slowly                    B. quietly                   C. hurriedly                D. easily

64.We can conclude from the passage that the author ________.

A. felt sorry for not completing the action       B. was serving in the Chinese army

C. was not serious when telling the story         D. intended to owe their failure to the heavy fog