问题 问答题 论述题

论述马尔萨斯的人口理论及现实意义。

答案

参考答案:

马尔萨斯《人口原理》主要根据两大基本假设,他写道,“我认为,我可以正当地提出两条公理。第一,食物为人类生存所必需。第二,两性间的情欲是必然的,而且几乎会保持现状。这两条法则,自从我们对人类有所了解以来,似乎一直是有关人类本性的固定法则。”

以上述两个前提为基础,马尔萨斯用两个级数阐述了他的人口规律。他断言:人口将以几何级数增长;而生产资料只能以算术级数增长,因此人口增长速度必然大于生活资料增长速度,这是永恒的自然规律。从两个级数论出发,提出两种控制人口的办法,即积极的抑制和预防的抑制。

根据以上论述,马尔萨斯把所谓支配人类命运的永恒的人口自然法则,归纳为一下三点:①人口必然地为生活资料所限制;②只要生活资料增长,人口一定会坚定不移地增长,除非受到某种非常有力而又显著的抑制的阻止;③这些抑制和那些遏止人口优势力量并使其结果与生活资料保持同一水平的抑制,全部可以归纳为道德的节制,罪恶和贫困。”

马尔萨斯人口理论从一产生就有很多反对言论,指出存在着许多错误。首先,把人口现象看成是自然现象,抹煞了人和动物的本质区别;其次,他的“两个级数”的说法,是没有科学根据而虚构出来的。再次,至于马尔萨斯主张用失业、饥饿、瘟疫、战争手段来消灭大量“过剩人口”,则露骨地暴露出他的《人口原理》的反动本质。最后,马尔萨斯人口论最根本错误是抹煞社会生产方式对人口规律所起的作用,把人口过剩说成是永恒的自然人口规律。

马尔萨斯的人口论虽然有很多的错误和缺陷,但是在某些方面还是有借鉴之处。这表现在:第一,他说明社会再生产中人口的再生产和物质资料的再生产之间,存在着相互依赖关系,要求二者之间相互协调、平衡发展。第二,他关于从道德上限制人生殖的本能,以抑制人口增长的方法有重要参考价值。第三,他第一次倡导大众教育,认识到了教育对抑制生育增进就业的作用。第四,马尔萨斯的人口论发表后,人口问题受到世界各国普遍重视,促进人口学发展,逐渐形成一门独立的学科。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     As one of Hollywood's all-time greatest actress, Audrey Hepburn is famous all over the world. When

Hepburn died in 1993, the world mourned the loss of a great beauty, a great actress and a great humanitarian.

     Born in Belgium on 4th May 1929, Hepburn dreamed of becoming a successful ballet dancer. She had

also been a model before she entered the film industry. In 1951, while acting in Monte Carlo Baby, Hepburn

met the famous French writer Colette, who was attracted by Hepburn's beauty and charm. She insisted that

Hepburn was the perfect girl to play the lead role in Gigi, a play based on her novel. That event marked the

beginning of Hepburn's successful career.

     Shortly after, Hepburn was chosen to play the lead role of a young princess in the Hollywood film Roman

Holiday. It was a big success and earned her an Oscar for Best Actress. She also won a Tony Award for the

play Ondine.

     During her lifetime, Hepburn earned four more Oscar nominations. In 1989, she made her final appearance

in her last film Always and played the role of an angel.

     Throughout her acting years, she acted in only one TV series, Gardens of the world with Audrey Hepburn.

By showing us the beauty of nature, Hepburn wanted to remind us that we should protect the environment.

     Hepburn is remembered not just as a great actress, but also as a great humanitarian. She was honoured

with a number of awards because of her efforts in her charity work. In 1992, the President of the United

States presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

     In 1991, Hepburn discovered that she had cancer. In 1993, at the age of 63, she passed away peacefully

in her sleep.

1. Which of the following is the correct order according to the events?

a. People mourned her death.

b. She was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

c. Her successful film career began.

d. She earned an Oscar for Best Actress.

e. She met the French writer Colette.

A. a-e-c-b-d

B. a-e-d-c-b

C. e-c-d-b-a

D. e-c-b-d-a

2. Her successful career lasted about _________ years.

A. 60

B. 50

C. 40

D. 30

3. People remember Hepburn not only as a great actress but also as _________.

A. a kind lady

B. a brave lady

C. a wise lady

D. an attractive lady