问题 问答题 简答题

论《日出》的戏剧结构艺术。

答案

参考答案:

曹禺自己说,他写《日出》的时间,决心舍去《雷雨》中所用的结构,不再集中于几个人身上,而想试探一次新路,用片断的方法写起《日出》,用多少人生的零碎来阐明一个观念。如果中间有一点我们所谓的“结构”,那“结构”的联系正是那个基本观念,那第一段引文内“人之道损不足以奉有余。”另外,人们还发现,曹禺在写《日出》时,曾“沉醉于契克夫深邃艰深的艺术里,”“想再拜一个伟大的老师,低首下气地做个低劣的学徒。”据此,历来学者都认定,《日出》的结构是借鉴契克夫戏剧《三姊妹》式的散文化结构,用一个统领全剧的观念,将各种场景和人物事件连缀起来,纯粹取消了习惯上说的戏剧情节。然而,这一切均不完善。除了“损不足以奉有余”的观念结构要素和契克夫散文式结构要素外,曹禺还说:“我讲过《日出》并没有写全,确实需要许多展开。”但是剧本却“无可奈何的收场”了,他自己承认这是“失败”,“犯了‘倒降顶点’的毛病”。对此,他曾想“写一篇长序,痛快淋漓地发挥一次”,但由于当时中国“这块‘自由土’”,“不准人有舌头”和自己“不大会议论’而未能实现,最后采取了这样一个补救方案:’我在《日出》前面赘附着八段引文”,将“多少欲说不能的话藏在那几段引文里。”这意思是说,《日出》剧本虽然没有写全,但那几段引文却补救了这个缺憾。无疑,在“全”与“不全”、“失败”与“补救”里边包含着结构问题。具体地讲,曹禺在写作《雷雨》时并没有明确地要针贬社会的目的,只是写到后来才隐约感到他在“诽谤着中国的家庭和社会”。但当他写作《日出》的时候,便明确地意识到这个“损不足以奉有余”的社会已经腐烂到不能自拔的地步。因此,他不仅大声疾呼要埋葬这个社会;愿与这个社会同归于尽;而且还强烈地要求一线光明,要创一个伟大的未来。另外,他还意识到一种新生的力量,即承担埋葬这个社会、创造伟大未来这一历史使命的劳动者。在谈到剧本的结构时,曹禺还说:“《日出》希望献于观众的应是一个鲜血滴滴的印象,深深刻在人心理也应为这损不足以奉有余’的社会形态。”此外,作者在《〈日出〉跋》中多次提到“印象”这一概念。而且在谈到第三幕不该保留的时候,更直截了当地说:“若认为小东西的一段故事和主要的动作没有多少关联而应割去,那么所谓的‘主要的动作’在这出戏里一直也并没有。这里我想起一种用色点点成光阴明亮的后期印象派图画,《日出》便是这类多少点子集成的一幅画面。”这意思是说他要直接呈现给读者的是种种散状式的印象,而读者则可从获取的各种印象中汇聚形成一种观念形态。具体到结构问题上,也可以这样说,印象派的绘画技法和构图方式也是《日出》的一个重要的结构因素。应该说这种方法,在曹禺构想《日出》时不是原样照搬,而是进行了适当的选择和剔除。印象派画家作画时的主观感受和印象可以看作曹禺构想《日出》时从长期对整个社会感受而得的“损不足以奉有余”的观念,由此出发,曹禺选择了最能体现这种观念,而且是不很连惯的细节和场景,并在描绘这些细节和场景时,几乎是近于自然主义的。这里,我们要着重提到剧本第三幕在这种结构形态中的作用。用传统的戏剧眼光去看,《日出》第三幕是与整个作品没有什么关联的一场戏,说它是节外生枝也不过分。但就整个《日出》剧本来说也并没有什么矛盾的开端、发展、高潮和结局等线索。既然如此,我们又何必去强求和责备第三幕的多余呢?另外,作者在某些具体情景的描绘上,借助印象主义的表现手法,也达到了“用色点点成光影明亮”的效果。如在描写那些见不得阳光的人们时,多次间杂进打夯工人们的夯声、号子声以及室外强烈的光线,暗示出与这个黑暗的世界形成对照的另一个充满光明的世界。这正好体现了印象派画家“把自然界物体在光的不同照射下所表现出来的色彩”,和突出主观印象所感受到的明暗调色板块的构图技法。总之,印象派绘画技法,契克夫剧本创作的散文式结构法,《日出》剧本前的引文与“损不足以奉有余”的观念,共同组成了《日出》结构的四个要素。

阅读理解

Perhaps the most famous theory, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks—we are not born with them. A baby has generally informed face features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell, learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around-family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some areas of the United States look so much alike, new Englanders or Southerners have certain common face features that cannot be explained by genetics(遗传学). The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth, it is learned after. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after new teeth are set. For many, this can be well into grown-ups. A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country area where people smile more than those in other areas. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York State still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta. Georgia. People in Atlanta, Georgia. People in largely populated areas also smile and greet each other in public less than people in small towns do.

小题1:Ray Birdwhistell believes that physical appearance _______.

A.has little to do with culture

B.has much to do with culture

C.is ever changing

D.is different from place to place小题2:According to the passage, the final mouth shape is formed _______.

A.before birth

B.as soon as one’s teeth are newly set

C.sometime after new teeth are set

D.around 15 years old小题3:Ray Birdwhistell can tell what area of the United States a person is from by _______.

A.how much he or she laughs

B.how he or she raises his or her eyebrows

C.what he or she likes best

D.the way he or she talks小题4:This passage might have been taken out of a book dealing with ________.

A.physics

B.chemistry

C.biology

D.none of the above

单项选择题