问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一:刑生力,力生强,强生威,威生德,德生于刑。——《商君书·说民》

材料二:令民为什伍,而相牧司连坐。不告 * * 者腰斩,告 * * 者与斩敌首同赏,匿 * * 者与降敌同罚……令行于民期年,秦民之国都言初令之不便者以千数。于是太子犯法。卫鞅日:“法之不行,自上犯之。”将法太子。太子,君嗣也,不可施刑,刑其傅公子虔,黔其师公孙贾。明日,秦人皆趋令。秦民初言令不便者有来言令便考,卫鞅日“此皆乱化之民也”,尽迁之于边城。其后民莫敢议令。——《史记·商君列传》

材料三:秦孝公任商鞅……(商鞅)于是诱三晋之人,利其田宅,复三代无知兵事,而务本于内,而使秦人应敌于外。故废井田,制阡陌,任其所耕,不限多少。孝公十二年之制。数年之间,国富民强,天下无敌。——《通典卷一·食货》

材料四:弃道而用权,废德而任力,峭法盛刑,以虐戾为俗,欺旧交以为功,刑公族以立威,无恩于百姓,无信于诸侯。人与之为怨,家与之为仇。故孝公卒之日,举国而攻之,东西南北莫可走,仰天而叹:“嗟乎!为政之弊至于斯极也!”卒车裂族夷,为天下笑。斯人自杀,非人杀之也。——《盐铁论·商鞅篇》

请回答:

(1)据材料一指出商鞅的思想主张。

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(2)据材料二概括商鞅是如何实践其思想主张的?

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(3)据材料三和材料四,指出商鞅变法和商鞅个人的结局。这种结局分别说明了什么?

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答案

(1)主张:用严刑峻法治理国家或法治。

(2)实践:严格(什伍)户籍制度;实行连坐法;刑公族以立威;用流放边境的刑罚来压制舆论。

(3)结局:变法使秦国富强;但商鞅本人身败名裂。

说明:改革必须符合历史发展的潮流;必须要有强有力的措施做保证;但改革者要法德并用,不能施行严刑峻法。

阅读理解

Reading comprehension.

     The elephant was lying heavily on its side, fast asleep. A few dogs started barking at it. The elephant woke

up in a terrible anger: it chased the dogs into the village where they ran for safety. That didn't stop the elephant.

It destroyed a dozen houses and injured several people. The villagers were scared and angry. Then someone

suggested calling Parbati, the elephant princess.

     Parbati Barua's father was a hunter of tigers and an elephant tamer. He taught Parbati to ride an elephant

before she could even walk. He also taught her the dangerous art of the elephant round-up-how to catch wild

elephants.

     Parbati hasn't always lived in the jungle. After a happy childhood hunting with her father, she was sent to

boarding school in the city. But Parbati never got used to being there and many years later she went back to

her old fife. "Life in the city is too dull. Catching elephants is an adventure and the excitement lasts for days

after the chase," she says.

     But Parbati doesn't catch elephants just for fun. "My work," she says, "is to rescue man from the elephants,

and to keep the elephants safe from man." And this is exactly what Parbati has been doing for many years.

Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the

jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back. Whenever wild elephants enter a tea

garden or a village, Parbati is called to guide the animals back to the jungle before they can kill.

     The work of an elephant tamer also involves love and devotion. A good elephant tamer will spend hours a

day singing love songs to a newly captured elephant. "Eventually they grow to love their tamers and never

forget them. They are also more loyal than humans," she said, as she climbed up one of her elephants and sat

on the giant, happy animal. An elephant princess indeed!

1. For Parbati, catching elephants is mainly to _____. [ ]

A. get long lasting excitement

B. keep both man and elephants safe

C. send them back to the jungle

D. make the angry elephants tame

2. Before Parbati studied in a boarding school, _____. [ ]

A. she spent her time hunting with her father

B. she learned how to sing love songs

C. she had already been called an elephant princess

D. she was taught how to hunt tigers

3. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because _____. [ ]

A. they are caught and sent for heavy work

B. illegal hunters capture them and kill them

C. they are attacked and their land gets limited

D. dogs often bark at them and chase them

4. The passage starts with an elephant story in order to explain that in India _____. [ ]

A. people easily fall victim to elephants' attacks

B. the man-elephant relationship is getting worse

C. elephant tamers are in short supply

D. dogs are as powerful as elephants

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