问题 问答题 简答题

信息的含义是什么?

答案

参考答案:

信息的含义一般有三种理解:

(1)属于一般的说法,如“信息即情报”,“即资料”,“即知识”等。

(2)信息概念的实质,是在自然科学的通讯理论中首先被揭示出来的。美国数学家申农把信息看作是消除事物的不确定性,从而获得知识的讯息或关于该事物的确定状态。美国科学家维纳提出了一个十分费解而重要的信息定义:“信息这个名称的内容就是我们对外界交换来的东西”.他还认为,“有效行为必须有某种反馈过程来提供信息,看它是否达到预定目标”.这样,就把信息--反馈--控制三者有机地联系在一起。1991年美国伯克莱加州大学迈克尔·巴克兰德教授提出了“信息”一词的三种含义:

①作为过程的信息:当某人获取信息后,他或她的认识也随之改变。

②作为知识的信息:信息也可指作为过程的信息所告知的东西。

③作为事物的信息:信息一词也可指如数据和文献之类的物体。

(3)从哲学角度上探讨信息的定义,研究信息的本质、本源等。

阅读理解

After an earthquake or any similar disaster, parents and teachers need to help children overcome the effects of this frightening and sometimes devastating ( 毁灭性的) experience. Psychologists (心理学家)say that if children go through a disturbing event before the age of ten, they are three times as likely to suffer psychological problems as teenagers. After a disaster children may become easily upset, shy, aggressive , or afraid of wind, rain, noises, or darkness. They may have trouble letting go of their parents and resist going to school or daycare. Some children may even feel guilty thinking that they somehow caused the disaster through their bad behavior.  Because of such common reactions, parents and others should begin as soon after the event as possible helping these children. 

Some suggestions include talking to the children about what happened, letting the children express their own feelings, spending extra time with them doing activities together and reassuring (使放心)them that you love them and won't leave them. For some children expressing themselves through drawing pictures or writing can be useful. Do everything possible to help children get back to a normal routine; however, don't be afraid to "spoil" these children for a while after the disaster.  Let them have extra privileges (特权)and more attention than usual.  Encourage the children to grieve (悲痛)after a loss. It should be OK for them to cry. Caring families and friends can do much to heal children victims of disasters.

小题1:This passage is mainly about_______.

A.how to help traumatized(心理受到创伤的)children to get over

B.the bad effects disasters bring to children

C.the psychological problems children before ten are likely to suffer

D.the importance of caring families小题2:According to the passage, a child who has just experienced a devastating disaster may become______.

A.more mature

B.less dependent

C.willing to help

D.ready to attack小题3:Which is NOT advisable when dealing with the traumatized children?

A.Allowing them freedom for some time.

B.Asking them to hold their feelings.

C.Encouraging them to show their grief.

D.Talking them into taking care of others.

多项选择题