问题 问答题 简答题

道德的社会控制作用。

答案

参考答案:

道德是社会或群体对其成员的思想和行为进行是与非、善于恶、正义与非正义之类评价的标准。道德与道德原则、道德规范和道德后果三部分构成。道德原则是如何处理个人与社会之间的原则,比如是个人主义还是集体主义。道德规范是以道德范畴为基础形成的一系列有关行为善恶的准则。道德范畴主要包括义务与良心、荣誉和幸福两对范畴。义务是同使命相连的,是社会对角色的要求,具有利他性,良心则对自己的义务行为起调节、监督作用。荣誉是社会对义务行为的奖励,幸福则是个人对社会给予荣誉的体验。道德后果包括道德评价和道德责任,前者为后者服务。道德评价可以使个人对自己的行为有正确认识,并对自己的行为负责。一个人的道德感、道德意识,实际上是社会或群体价值在他身上的内化。如果一个人有道德感,那么当他做了不利于社会或群体的事之后就会内心焦虑不安,就会受到良心的谴责。做了有利于社会或群体的事,内心就舒畅。道德就是靠这种机制来指导和控制人们的行为的。道德基本上属于内在控制方式,即通过人们的良心发现起作用。道德的社会控制作用在于一个人要有道德意识、道德感。这就需要社会进行道德教育、褒善贬恶,并形成道德压力。

阅读理解

     A maths talent who won fame this week for giving up a milliondollar prize is living with his mother in

a simple flat in St Petersburg, coexisting on her £ 30amonth pension, because he has been

unemployed for many years.

     The Sunday Telegraph tracked down the strange recluse(隐士) who shocked the maths world

when he solved a centuryold puzzle known as the Poincar? Conjecture.

     Grigory Perelman's trouble comes from a split with a leading Russian mathematical institute, the

Steklov, in 2003. When the Institute in St Petersburg failed to reelect him as a member, Dr Perelman

was left feeling an "absolutely ungifted and untalented person", said a friend. He became unconfident

and cut himself off.

     Other friends say he cannot afford to travel to the International Mathematical Union's congress in

Madrid, where many people want him to receive the maths equivalent(等价物) of the Nobel Prize, and

that he is too modest to ask anyone to pay for his trip.

     Interviewed in St Petersburg, Dr Perelman insisted that he was unworthy of all the attention, and

was uninterested in the prize. "I do not think anything that I say can be of the slightest public interest,"

he said. "I am not saying that because I value my privacy, or that I am doing anything I want to hide.

There are no topsecret projects going on here. I just believe the public has no interest in me."

     He continued: "I know that selfpromotion happens a lot and if people want to do that, good luck to

them, but I do not regard it as a positive thing. I realized this a long time ago and nobody is going to

change my mind. Newspapers should be more discerning(有洞察力的) over who they write about.

They should have more taste. As far as I am concerned, I can't offer anything for their readers."

     Dr Perelman has some small savings from his time as a lecturer, but is apparently unwilling to increase

them with the D$1 million offered by the Clay Mathematics Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts,

for solving one of the world's seven "Millennium Problems".  

1. Grigory Perelman lives with his mother because ________.

A. he has to look after her

B. his mother has a million dollars

C. he has been out of work for a long time

D. he is badly paid at the mathematical institute

2. The phrase"absolutely ungifted and untalented person"shows that Dr Perelman felt ________.

A. angry          

B. discouraged

C. proud                    

D. confident

3. Grigory Perelman refused to accept the prize because ________.

A. he thought the prize was worthless

B. he didn't believe the news

C. he couldn't afford to travel to Madrid

D. he showed no interest in it

4. From the passage, we can infer that Grigory Perelman ________.

A. solved the most difficult maths problem

B. has a strong personality

C. wanted to make himself known to all

D. didn't get on well with the press

5. What's the best title for the passage?

A. Great Mathematician Leads Simple Life

B. Maths Genius Abandons a Milliondollar Prize

C. Mathematics Institute Offers Grigory D$1 Million

D. One of the World's Seven "Millennium Problems" Solved

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