问题 问答题 简答题

锅炉汽温变化如何调整,应注意哪些问题?

答案

参考答案:

汽温的调节方法可以归结为两大类:烟气侧的调节和蒸汽侧的调节。所谓蒸汽侧的调节,是指通过改变蒸汽的热焓调节汽温(如:喷水式减温器);:烟气侧的调节是通过改变锅炉内辐射受热面和对流受热面的吸热量分配比例的方法(如:摆动式燃烧器、烟气再循环)或改变流经过热器的烟气量的方法来调节过热蒸汽温度(如:烟气档板)。

1.过热汽温调节:

目前汽包锅炉过热汽温调整一般以喷水减温为主,大容量锅炉通常设置两极以上的减温器。直流锅炉主要是通过燃料量与给水量比例进行调节,维持中间点温度,喷水减温作修正。

指导:汽包锅炉汽温调节以一级喷水减温作为粗调,其喷水量取决于减温器前汽温的高低,应保证屏过壁温不超过允许值;二级喷水减温作为细调,以保证过热蒸汽温度的稳定。直流锅炉汽温调节主要以确保合理的燃料与给水之比作为粗调,在此基础上以减温水作为细调,对过热汽温进行最后的修正。

2.再热汽温调节:

再热汽温常用的调节方法有烟气档板、烟气再循环、摆动式燃烧器以及事故喷水减温等。

指导:事故喷水在运行中尽量不用,影响机组热效率。尽量使用烟气侧调节,作为调节再热汽温调节的主要手段。

应注意的是在低负荷时,尽量少用或不用喷水减温,调整燃烧方法和烟气侧调节相结合,来控制汽温。如果低负荷使用喷水减温,使用不当,容易造成低汽温,对安全不利。在投汽温自动调节器时,应保持汽温稳定。

单项选择题

Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.

To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.

Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss.

What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.

All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be "zero impact". The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used. There are many different agricultural performances besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.

What does the author think of traditional farming practices()

A.They have remained the same over the centuries.

B.They have not kept pace with population growth.

C.They are not necessarily sustainable.

D.They are environmentally friendly.

不定项选择