问题 问答题 简答题

如何理解分工的内在矛盾?

答案

参考答案:

分工首先使不同劳动部门和不同劳动者之间相互分离和相对独立,使他们的劳动具有了个体性质。分工使不同劳动部门和不同劳动者相互分离的同时,也造成了不同部门和不同劳动者之间的相互依赖,使每一个人

的个别劳动具有了社会性。劳动的社会性也主要表现在两个方面:

(1)每一个劳动者生产的产品都不是为了自己消费,而是作为一定的有用劳动来满足他人或社会的需要。

(2)从工厂内部分工看,由于实行劳动分工,每个劳动者都只能承担某种产品生产的一个环节或一道工序。在这种结合劳动的过程中,每个劳动者都只是一个特殊的器官,执行一种特殊的职能。从而造成了各个局部的操作环节和局部的工人之间的全面的相互依赖。

在分工生产中,每一个人的劳动同时具有个体性和社会性两种属性,是个体性与社会性的统一。但是,这两种属性之间又存在着矛盾。从社会分工看,个别劳动能否通过交换被社会所承认,从而转化为社会总劳动的一个部分,这并不是一件容易的事情,而一旦这种转化不能成功,个别劳动就不能被社会所承认,不能满足社会的需要,这种劳动就是无效劳动,就是一种浪费。从工厂内部分工来看,劳动的个体化导致了生产的专业化,提高了单个劳动者的劳动效率;另一方面导致了劳动者劳动能力的片面化和劳动活动的单调化,造成了劳动者个人的畸形发展,制约了个人自由全面的发展,并在一定程度上降低劳动者的主动性和创造性。

分工所包含的这些内在矛盾是支配人类社会经济活动的基本矛盾。

阅读理解

As we all know, the ocean moves. But waves breaking on the beach make the ocean fun. When you stand on the shore and look at the waves, it seems like the water is moving towards you. But the water is not really moving forward. The moving you see is wave energy. And wave energy comes from the wind.

Let’s think about how this works. As wave energy passes through the water, the energy makes particles (粒子) of water move up and down. Just give you an example of a wave passing under a basketball. We put a basketball on the sea. When the wind blows, a wave comes from behind the basketball. The basketball moves up to the top with the wave. Then the wave continues and leaves the basketball behind. The basketball looks lower, but it doesn’t move forward. That’s because the wave energy just moves the water which is under the basketball.

   So why can you see a wave knock you down on the shore?When a wave moves toward the shore, the bottom of the wave slows down because it meets the ocean floor. But the top, which is called crest(浪峰), keeps moving. The different action causes the wave to fall over or break onto the shore. If a wave is very large, it carries a lot of energy when it hits the land. As time goes by, waves can break up and carry away the rocks and other things on the shore. Shorelines are changing all the time because of wave action.

小题1:______ is really moving forward when you look at the wave.

A.Water

B.The basketball

C.Water and wave energy

D.Wave energy小题2:Match the sentences with the pictures and the right answer.

(1) The basketball moves up to the top with the wave.

(2) The basketball continues and leaves the basketball behind.

(3) When the wind blows, a wave comes from behind the basketball.

A.a—(2) b—(1) c—(3)

B.a—(3) b—(1) c—(2)

C.a—(1) b—(3) c—(2)

D.a—(3) b—(2) c—(1)小题3:Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A.Wave energy comes from the water.

B.Large waves carry plenty of energy.

C.Wave action makes shorelines change all the time.

D.The bottom of the wave is easy to slow down.小题4:The underlined word “it” ( Paragraph 3) refers to “________”.

A.particles of water

B.the shore

C.the wind

D.the bottom of the wave小题5:The main idea of this passage is ______.

A.what makes particles of water move

B.how a basketball moves on the ocean

C.how wave energy causes wave action

D.why a wave can knock you down

单项选择题 A1/A2型题