阅读下列材料：

材料一 柏利在1853年进行的那次访问是不受欢迎的，但过后他在日本反而有了许多潜在的盟友。

——科尔顿《近代世界史》中册

回答：

（1）材料一中柏利的访问为什么不受欢迎？依据所学知识说明“潜在的盟友”的含义。

材料二 （日本明治维新时）改革的动力是西化 ……英国模式自然作为铁路、电信、公共建筑和市政工程、纺织工业以及许多商业方面的模范；法国模式用来改革法制，海军当然还是学习英国，大学则归功于美国。日本聘请的外国专家（在日本人的监督下）从1875—1876年的五六百人，上升到1890年的3000人左右。然而政治和意识形态方面的选择就困难了。……于是不到20年便出现一股反对极端西化、极端自由化的势力。……（他们）实际上是想制造一个新的以崇拜天皇为核心的国教，即神道崇拜。

——[英]艾瑞克·霍布斯鲍姆《资本的年代》

材料三  日本新领导人（注：指明治维新的领导者）不赞成这种不加区别地奉承所有西方东西的做法，他们并不对西方文明本身感兴趣，而仅仅对其中增强了民族力量的那些组成成分感兴趣。……他们现在提出了一个非凡的改革方案，宗旨在于建立一个强大的日本，而不是完全模仿西方国家。[美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

回答：

（3）依据材料并结合所学知识，说明“日本领导人”感兴趣的那些“增强民族力量”的西方文明是什么？

材料四 文明开化过程中的过火行为，使得日本的传统文化面临崩溃，甚至有人提出日本人应该改说英语，与西洋人通婚，以改良日本人种。

——《大国崛起》解说词

回答：

（4）材料四说明日本明治维新过程中，曾出现什么问题？你认为应该如何对待外来文化？

The "standard of living" of any country means the average person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, (1) , depends first and (2) on its capacity to produce wealth." Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money (3) on things that money can buy. "Goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as transport and " (4) ". A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of (5) have an effect on one another. Wealth depends (6) a great extent upon a country’s natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a (7) climate; other regions possess none of them.

Next to natural resources (8) the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well (9) as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and (10) wars, and (11) this and other reasons was (12) to develop her resources. (13) and stable political conditions, and (14) from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well (15) by nature but less well ordered.

A country’s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed (16) its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. (17) , Britain’s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on (18) grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would (19) be lacking. A country’s wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, (20) that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.

2（）

A.primary

B.principal

C.foremost

D.uniquely