问题 多项选择题

社会主义在发展过程中出现挫折和反复,这一事实表明()。

A.事物发展的道路是螺旋式的

B.新生事物的成长不是一帆风顺的

C.马克思主义关于社会主义必然胜利的基本依据发生了改变

D.历史有时会向后做出较大的跳跃

答案

参考答案:A, B, D

解析:该考查的知识点是:发展道路的前进性与曲折性。事物发展道路的螺旋式是对事物发展的前进性与曲折性的统一所做的形象化表述。事物的发展不是沿着一条直线,而是走着一条迂回曲折的道路,在前进与曲折的统一中实现的。因此,那种抹杀前进性的循环论和否认曲折性的直线论都是错误的。由于事物的内部矛盾和各种条件的复杂性,事物发展的螺旋形或曲折性表现为种种特殊的复杂情况,既包括前进中的回复、也包括前进中暂时的局部的倒退或逆转,这都说明新生事物的发展不是一帆风顺的。社会主义发展中的曲折性不仅在于社会主义是前无古人的事业,而且在于社会主义几乎都是从经济文化比较落后的国家中产生,因而不可避免地出现这样一种格局,社会主义在相当长的一个时期里,在经济、文化、科学、管理等方面落后于发达的资本主义国家,又由于复杂的国际环境以及自身一些政策上的失误,在发展过程中出现某些曲折性是难以避免的。并不能因此而认为马克思主义关于社会主义必然胜利的基本依据发生了改变。本题的正确答案是ABD选项。

阅读理解

It is common to believe that learning just takes place in school, but much of human learning happens outside the classroom, even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to use toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to communicate with their parents, grandparents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn subjects like reading, writing, and maths. They also continue to learn a lot outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for communicating with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to deal with many changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Scientists, social workers and other human service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors.

Learning is closely related (相关的) to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain (大脑). Scientists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later offers knowledge when we need it. However, scientists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences. 

小题1:The underlined word “siblings” in Paragraph 2 probably means _________.

A.teachers

B.classmates

C.doctors

D.brothers or sisters小题2: When do children begin to know to behave well according to the passage?

A.After they go into society.

B.Before they enter school.

C.When they are at school.

D.Before they are born.小题3:Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?

A.As a matter of fact, learning begins at a person’s birth and last the whole life.

B.Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students.

C.People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors.

D.Social workers need to study how experiences affect people’s thoughts.

填空题