问题 问答题 简答题

GPS测量的误差来源有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

影响GPS定位的误差,可以分为四大类:

(1)与卫星有关的误差,有卫星星历误差、卫星钟误差、相对论效应、相位中心偏差;

(2)与信号传播有关的误差,有大气对流层延迟误差、大气电离层延迟误差、多路径效应;

(3)与接收设备有关的误差,有接收机钟差、仪器安置误差、起算数据误差、天线相位偏差;

(4)其它误差,有地球自转、固体潮、负荷潮卫星几何结构、解算软件。这些误差对解算的变形信息具有不同的影响规律,有的在模型中能得到较好的消除和削弱,有的通过采用合适的改正模型使其大部分可以消除,有的采用一定的观测措施将其限制在较小的范围内,而有的却难以改正。

单项选择题

As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast agricultural hinterland. Market days (1) the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a (2) of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, vegetables, cider and other products for direct sale to the (3) . The High Street Market was continuously (4) throughout the period until 1736, (5) it (6) from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street. The next year the Callow Hill Market began (7) .

Along with market days, the (8) of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia (9) after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The (10) provided a means of bringing handmade goods from (11) places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, (12) , were popular items.

Auctions were another popular (13) of trade. Because of the competition, retail (14) opposed these as well as the fairs. (15) governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary (16) of economic development was on the merchants’side, as increasing business specialization became the (17) of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear (18) general stores selling a variety of goods.

One of the reasons Philadelphia’s merchants prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, (19) , in the capital city of the province, (20) to not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.

2()

A.radiation

B.extent

C.radius

D.territory

单项选择题