问题 问答题 简答题

功频电液控制的基本原理

答案

参考答案:

上图是功频电液控制系统的基本工作原理图,当外界负荷增加时,汽轮机转速下降,测频单元感受转速变化,产生一个与转速偏差成比例的电压信号△Uf,输入到PID控制器,经PID运算后输入到电液转换器的感应线圈,当线圈的电磁力克服了弹簧的支持力后,使高压抗燃油(EH油)进入油动机底部油动机上行开大了调节阀门,增大了汽轮机的功率,与外界负荷变化相适应。汽轮机的功率增加后,测功元件感受到了这一变化,输出一负的电压信号△Up到PID控制器。如果△Up=△Uf,且两者的极性相反,其代数和为零,此时PID的输出不变,因此控制系统的一个过渡过程动作结束。当外界负荷减小时其控制过程与上述相反。

当新汽压力降低变化时,在同样阀门开度下汽轮机的功率减少,这时测功单元输出电压信号减小,因此在PID入口仍有正电压信号存在,使PID输出信号继续增加,经功放、电液转换器和油动机后又开大调节阀门,直到测功元件输出电压与给定电压完全抵消时,即使得PID的入口信号代数和为零时才停止动作。由此可见,采用了测功单元后可以消除新汽压力变化对功率的影响,从而保证了频率的偏差与功率变化之间的比例关系。即保证了一定的速度不等率,也就是保证了一次调频的能力不变。

利用测功单元和PID控制器的特性也可补偿功率滞后。当外界负荷增加时使汽轮机转速下降,测频单元输出正电压信号作用于PID控制器,经过一系列的作用开大调节阀门,首先使高压缸增加功率,但此时由于中压缸功率增加缓慢,使测功元件输出信号很小,不足以抵消测频单元输出的正电压信号,因此,高压调节阀门继续开大,即产生过开。这样高压缸因过开而产生的过剩功率刚好抵消了中压缸功率的滞后。当中低压缸功率滞后逐渐消失时,由于测功元件输出电压的作用又使高压调节阀门关小;当中低压功率滞后完全消失后,高压调节阀门开度又回到稳态设计值。此时控制系统动作结束了。

论述题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

                                                       Stamps for the white Olympics 

    The Winter Olympics is also called the White Olympics. At this time, many colorful stamps are published

(发行) to mark (标志) the great Games. The first stamps marking the opening came out on January 25, 1932

in the United States for the 3rd White Olympics. From then on, Publishing stamps during the White Olympics

became a rule. (规定) 

    During the 4th Winter Olympic Games a group of stamps were published in Germany in November 1936.

The five rings of the Olympics were drawn on the front of the sportswear. It was the first time that the rings

appeared on the stamps of the White Olympics.

    In the 1950s, stamps of this kind became more colorful. When the White Olympics came, the host

countries (东道国) as well as the non-host countries published stamps to mark those Games. China also

published four stamps in February 1980,when Chinese sportsmen began to take part in the White Olympics.

    Japan is the only Asian country that has ever held the White Olympics. Altogether 145 million stamps were

sold to raise (筹集) money for this sports meet.

    Different kinds of sports were drawn on these small stamps. People can enjoy the beauty of the wonderful

movements of some sportsmen.

1. The White Olympics and the Winter Olympics            . [ ]

A. are the same thing

B. are different games

C. are not held in winter

D. are held in summer

2. The world made it a rule to publish stamps to mark the great world Games            . [ ]

A. after the year 1936

B. after the 3rd White Olympics

C. before the 3rd White Olympics

D. before the year 1932

3. The Winter Olympics is held once            . [ ]

A. every two years

B. every three years

C. every four years

D. every five years

4. Which of the following is true? [ ]

A. Only the host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games

B. Only the non-host countries can publish stamps to mark those Games

C. All countries can publish stamps to mark those Games

D. Japan can't publish stamps to mark those Games

5. What may appear on the stamps of the White Olympics? [ ]

A. Basketball

B. Table tennis

C. Football

D. Skating