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简述严复的学术主张。

答案

参考答案:

①论群学之重要。他认为群学的目的,是为了明群之理,以图自强。如果不研究“群事”,就不明“群理”,在治理国家上就会有很大的盲目性。群学治,而后能修齐治平。

②思富国之良方。在严复看来,中国富强的根本在于“群”的问题,或者说是不能“群”的问题。具体地讲,就是民智已坏,民德已衰,民力已困。因此要解决中国的问题,既要治标——收大权,练军实,也要治本——鼓民力,开民智,新民德。

③辨改良之缓急。戊戌变法的失败以及庚子事变使严复更深切地认识到,中国民智未开,不适合实行共和体制;中国文化亦不应该完全否定;他反对激励的革命,主张根据国情,批判地接受旧文化,逐步改进。

④谈教育之根本。严复认为,社会的差别取决于其人民的品德素质,若人民的品德素质不高,仅靠技术或策略达到目标,也不能维持长久。政治手段具有外在性。在现实中,中国真正的出路在于教育,以教育改造国民素质。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes

together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. "Every time you meet someone in a social situation,

give him your undivided attention for four minutes. A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did

just that."

     When we are introduced to new people, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general,

he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person

think we are too sure of ourselves.

     Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature.

It would be dishonest for me to act that way." In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help

us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose

to make in our personality. "It's like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much

better than the old one."

     But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that

way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships,

especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of

play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain

about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about

one's opinions and impressions.

     The author also declares that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school,

along with reading, writing, and mathematics. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get

along with other people. That is at least as important as how much we know.

1. When first introduced to new people, we should _____.

A. be friendly and sure of ourselves regardless of the other people's feeling

B. always tell the whole truth even if it hurts

C. appear friendly and self-confident at least for the first few minutes

D. mention faults we find in the other people

2. According to the author's advice, interpersonal relations _____.

A. should be set as a required course in schools

B. are more important than other courses in school

C. are less important than reading, writing and mathematics

D. is the only key to one's success in life

3. The underlined word 'play-acting' in the fourth paragraph means _____.

A. being totally honest

B. being a little dishonest

C. acting out what one feels

D. acting in a play

4. The best title for the passage could be _____.

A. The Key to Success

B. Best Ways to Make Friends

C. Personal Relations

D. The First Four Minutes

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