问题 综合题

有位史学家说:“科举制的实行,用统一的标准来选拔社会上的优秀分子,使之参与了国家的政治”。清末维新人士认为:科举制度“锢智慧”“坏心术”“滋游手”,造成了“破坏人才,国家贫弱”的后果。据此回答:

(1)这两种看法是否互相矛盾?为什么?

(2)请就科举制从隋唐的产生到明清以后衰落的历史,谈谈你对其作用的评价。

答案

(1)并不矛盾。这两段话是分别对科举制度前期和后期所起不同作用的评价

(2)这两段话是对科举制在不同时代所起作用的评价。隋唐建立科举制度,适应了士族衰落,庶族兴起的客观形势,为庶族参政开辟了途径;扩大了地主阶级的统治基础,为繁荣古代文化作出了贡献。明清时期科举考试内容限制在“四书五经”范围内,八股取士使许多知识分子不讲实际学问,束缚了知识分子的思想。清末,科举制度严重阻碍了科技文化的发展,限制了新型人才的成长,不利于社会进步。

题目分析:解答该题首先要搞清两段引言的含义,前者是肯定科举制的积极作用,后者是抨击其消极作用。在早期阶段,其积极作用是主要的,而随着封建社会的衰落,特别是到了明清时期,其消极作用日益显现出来。解答该题要紧紧把握住历史发展的时代特征,从积极和消极两个方面评价科举制。

点评:我国古代选官制度主要经历了从西周至战国前的世卿世禄制、战国时期的军功爵制、汉代的察举制、魏晋南北朝时期的九品中正制、隋唐时期开始的科举制等选官制度。其演变规律:(1)选官标准由以家世、门第为标准演变为以学识才能为标准。(2)选官方式由地方评议推荐演变为以考试作为选拔的主要依据,体现了“公平竞争,公平考试”的原则。(3)科举制逐渐完善,对今天我国的考试制度和东西方文官选拔制度有重要影响。但是明清时期科举制度发展为八股取士,日益僵化。

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Today we will explain a very gold saying that has had a big influence on rock-and-roll music. That

saying is "A rolling stone gathers no moss". It has several meanings. One meaning is that a person who

never settles down in one place will not be successful. Another is that someone who is always moving,

with no roots in one place, avoids responsibilities.

     This proverb was said to be first used in the 1500s. But in the 1960s, the expression "rolling stone"

became famous in the world of rock-and-roll music. It became the name of a song, a rock group and

a magazine.

     Experts say it all started with a song by the American singer and guitarist Muddy Waters. He was

one of the country's top blues musicians until his death in 1983. His music influenced singers like Elvis

Presley and Bob Dylan. In 1950, Muddy Waters recorded a song called "Rolling Stone".

A British rock group is said to have taken its name from Muddy Waters' song. The Rolling Stones

performed for the first time in 1962. The group's members called themselves "the world's greatest rock

and roll band".

     In 1965, Bob Dylan released his song "Like a Rolling Stone". It is one of his best known and most

influential works.

     It is an angry song about a woman who was once rich and successful. But now she is on her own,

"with no direction home, like a complete unknown, like a rolling stone".

     In 1967, a young man named Jann Wenner started a magazine and he named it "Rolling Stone". The

magazine reported on rock music arid the popular culture that the music created. By 1971 "Rolling Stone" had become the leading rock music and counterculture publication. It is still popular today.

1. Which person can be described as a rolling stone according to the proverb?

A. A person who always changes his jobs.

B. A person who has a successful career.

C. A person who has no family.

D. A person who is cut of work.

2. All of them are musicians except ____.

A. Elvis Presley

B. Bob Dylan

C. Muddy Waters

D. Jann Wenner

3. Who first used "rolling stone" as a name for music?

A. Jann Wenner.

B. Bob Dylan.

C. Elvis Presley.

D. Muddy Waters.