问题 名词解释

法治与分权理论

答案

参考答案:

法治:洛克的法治理论是同自由联系在一起的。通过对自由的界定,他论证了法治的原则,从而在政治制

度上为自由提供了保障。他区分了两种自由,一种是“自然自由”,这种自由、既不受人间任何上级权力的约束,又超出了人们的意志或立法权,只以自然法作为它的准绳;一种是“处在社会中的人的自由”,这是一种社会状态下的自由。从自然状态与社会状态下的两种自由出发,他论证了法律的存在与自由是共容的。洛克将立法权看作是国家中的最高权力。同时认为,这一最高权力也需要限制。通过对立法权进行限制性的规定,他提出了立法权的四个原则:即目的原则;方式原则;财产原则;归属原则。

分权:为了有效地保护人们的生命、自由、财产,实现法治原则,洛克将国家的权力分为立法权、执行权和对外权。他主张立法权与执行权应该分开行使。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     The idea for a science experiment can come from an unusual place.After watching a YouTube

video of a dancing bird named Snowball, a scientist in California decided to study the ability of

animals to keep the beat.

     Bird lovers have long claimed that their pets have rhythm, and there are many videos of dancing

birds online.Until now, scientists have suspected that humans are the only animals that can accurately

keep rhythm with music.

     Thanks to Snowball, that_scientific_opinion is changing.Snowball is a cockatoo, a kind of parrot,

and his favorite song is "Everybody" by the Backstreet Boys.When he hears the song, he moves his

feet and rocks his body with the tempo, or pace of the music, as though he is the only bird member

of the boy band.

     Aniruddh Patel is a neuroscientist, or a scientist who studies how the brain and the nervous system

contribute to learning, seeing and other mental abilities.He works at the Neurosciences Institute in San

 Diego.After seeing Snowball' s dance online, Patel visited the cockatoo at the bird rescue facility he's

called home for two years.The scientist played "Everybody" for Snowball and also played versions of

the song that were sped up or slowed down.Sometimes, Snowball danced too fast or too slowly.

Often, when there was a change in tempo, Snowball adjusted his dancing to match the rhythm.In other

experiments, scientists have observed the same abilities in preschool children.

     Patel isn't the only scientist who has studied Snowball's moves.Adena Schachner, who studies

psychology at Harvard University, also wanted to know more about the dancing bird.Schachner's

team played different musical pieces for Snowball and a parrot named Alex, as well as eight human

volunteers.The scientists observed that the birds and the humans kept time to the music with about

the same accuracy.

     Schachner and her team watched thousands of YouTube videos of different animals moving to

music.Not all the animals could dance, however.From watching the videos, the scientists observed

that only animals that imitate sounds, including 14 parrot species and Asian elephants, accurately

moved in time to music.

1. The underlined words "that scientific opinion" in the third paragraph refer to the theory that________.

A. birds like Snowball have the ability to keep the beat

B. humans are the only animals that can accurately keep rhythm with music

C. the brain and the nervous system contribute to some mental abilities

D. bird pets can have their special rhythm under human's instruction

2. From the fourth paragraph we may know that________.

A. Patel is the only scientist who has studied Snowball's moves.

B. Snowball is able to adjust his dancing to match the rhythm.

C. Snowball cannot dance to the versions of the song Everybody.

D. it is the brain and the nervous system that control the mental abilities.

3. The idea of studying animals' ability to keep the beat comes from________.

A. bird lovers' discovery  

B. humans' musical sense

C. the same abilities in children  

D. videos of dancing birds

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