问题 问答题 简答题

试述低钾血症对心肌的影响及其产生机制。

答案

参考答案:

低钾血症对心脏的影响主要在于可引发多种心律失常(如窦性心动过速、期前收缩、房室传导阻滞等),严重时甚至出现心室纤颤。其产生机制与血清钾浓度降低所致的心肌电生理异常有关。

(1)心肌兴奋性增高:低钾血症时,心肌细胞膜的钾电导下降,对K+的通透性降低,细胞内K外流减少,Em-Et间距离缩小,兴奋所需的阈刺激变小,心肌兴奋性升高。

(2)心肌自律性增高:低钾血症时由于心肌细胞膜对K的通透性降低,其4期K外流减少,Na+内流增加,自律细胞自动除极加快,心肌自律性增高。

(3)心肌传导性降低:低钾血症时可使心肌细胞Em上移和Em-Et间距离减小,造成动作电位O期除极化速度慢,峰电位减小,心肌传导性降低。(

4)心肌收缩性先增强后减弱:轻度低钾血症时,心肌细胞复极2期K+外流减少,Ca2+内流加速,通过兴奋收缩偶联使心肌收缩性增强。但重度低钾血症时,心肌细胞内缺钾,其组织结构因代谢活动障碍而被破坏,以致心肌收缩性降低。

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     When Anna first  1  Beijing, she couldn't speak any Chinese, and she knew very  2  about China. She
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she went to eat in a restaurant. But now, with the help of her friends, she can use chopsticks very well.
     Food was a big problem, too. It  4  her a few weeks to get used to Chinese food. She didn't really like
it at first. She  5  it was too oily (油腻的). Also, she doesn't eat much rice. She usually eats bread, and her bread is quite  6  from most bread in China. Chinese bread is usually light and sweet. She can't eat bread
like  7 , so in Beijing she makes her own bread at home. Well, she is a Muslim (伊斯兰教信徒). She isn't  8  to eat pork.
     But that isn't really a problem. After she'd been in Beijing for about a month, she found out that there
were Muslims here, too--and lots of Muslim  9 ! Most of them serve Xinjiang food, which is very similar
to the food she eats.  10  now her food problems are solved.
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