问题 多项选择题

民族自治机关在行使一般地方国家机关的职权的同时,还享有广泛的自治权,它包括( )。

A.制定地方性法律、法规

B.制定自治条例和单行条例

C.经国务院批准,组织维护社会治安的公安部队

D.直接变通或者停止执行国家的法律和政策

答案

参考答案:B,C

解析:《宪法》第115条规定:“自治区、自治州、自治县的自治机关行使宪法第三章第五节规定的地方国家机关的职权,同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权,根据本地方实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律、政策。”
  第116条规定:“民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化特点,制定自治条例和单行条例。自治区的自治条例和单行条例,报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效。自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例,报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效,并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。”
  第120条规定:“民族自治地方的自治机关依照国家的军事制度和当地的实际需要,经国务院批准,可以组织奉地方维护社会治安的公安部队。”
  由上述法条可知,BC项属于民族自治机关的自治权,而AD项的职权则不由民族自治机关所享有。
  民族自治机关是我国地方国家机关的特例,是民族区域自治制度的产物。民族自治机关中包含许多例外,而这些正是命题者所青昧的。掌握民族自治权只需注意以下重点:
  (1) 民族立法自治权:①制订自治条例,单行条例,注意其立法程序,②根据本地方实际情况,贯彻执行国家的法律,政策,对不适合民族自治地方实际情况的,自治机关可以报经该上级国家机关批准变通执行或者停止执行。注意《民事诉讼法》第17条。
  (2) 财政经济自治权:①管理地方财政的自治权;②在国家的计划指导下自主地安排和管理地方性的经济建设事业;③对外贸易自主权:开辟对外贸易口岸、开展边境贸易等;④对本地方的各项开支可以制定补充规定和具体办法;⑤执行税法方面的优待。
  (3) 教育、科学、文化、卫生自治权。
  (4) 人口政策自治权。
  (5) 组织公安部队自治权(第120条)。
  (6) 语言文字权。
  (7) 培养和招收民族干部自治权。
  对于本部分内容,还需参见《民族区域自治法》,本法2001年经修订,需要注意。其重点法条有:第 2、15、16、17、19、20、46、47条。

阅读理解

Terraforming (Earth-forming) other planets, also known as planetary engineering (行星工程), seems like a task still centuries away for mankind to accomplish. However, it is a vigorous topic that attracts both popular and scientific interest. Why should the possibility of terraforming other planets be studied when it may be centuries before we know enough to even decide if it’s a good idea?

Mankind is getting more and more hard facts about other planets. The atmosphere of Venus has been explored; robots have surveyed the surface of Mars; Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn have been studied by spacecraft. Speculations have been answered; new questions have been raised, and enough hard data is right now becoming available to allow us to make the first attempt of planetary engineering.

In the past, people with excellent ideas about terraforming have kept them to themselves, or buried them in a desk drawer because they did not realize that anyone else was interested. But now, a wide circle of people has begun to do this kind of work. For instance, NASA funded a project on transforming Mars.

There are several strong reasons which demand that the possibilities of terraforming be studied carefully. First, it’s an exciting idea of a possible future for human beings. Such thinking has a valuable role in providing options for our future directions. Secondly, the techniques of terraforming will also help contemporary technologies in weather and climate control. Thirdly, such study may assist us in detecting any possible existence of extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI, The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 地外文明搜索) and alien (异己的) civilizations on other planets.

Though the mission is far beyond our reach at the moment, we should at least keep our options open. Through debate and study on this subject, the possibility of rebuilding other planets to make them suitable homes for people may come true some day in the future.

小题1:.

. According to the context, what’s the meaning of the word “speculation” in paragraph 2?

A.The act of discussing something with a group of people.

B.The act of studying and researching.

C.The act of guessing without knowing all the facts about something.

D.The acting of writing letters to a certain organization.小题2:.

Why did people keep the idea of terraforming to themselves in the past?

A.They thought no one else would show interest in the idea.

B.They gradually came to find the idea crazy.

C.They thought the idea would never come true.

D.They had few resources for further study on this topic.小题3:.

. Which is NOT the reason to support the study of terraforming?

A.Even if we don’t succeed in terraforming, such study may help us to better understand technologies such as climate and weather control.

B.Such study may explore a new direction of development for human beings.

C.Such study may enable us to find the lives on other planets.

D.As the resources on Earth are being drained, it’s very urgent to study how to migrate (迁移) to other planets。小题4:.

What’s the main idea of the article?

A.It’s highly possible that terraforming other planets will come true so we should increase investing in this program.

B.Even if the idea of terraforming other planets may take centuries to realize, we have many reasons to support such studies.

C.Terraforming other planets is the best option for human being’s future.

D.More and more people are taking planetary engineering as their occupation.

单项选择题